頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 經濟與生態: 清代湖廣西部山區的開發和自然環境的惡化=Economy and Ecology: Opening the Western Mountainous Areas of Hunan and Hupei and Deterioration of Its Natural Environment in Qing Dynasty |
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作 者 | 王淑芬; | 書刊名 | 臺北師院學報 |
卷 期 | 11 1998.06[民87.06] |
頁 次 | 頁227+229-247+249-250 |
分類號 | 445.9 |
關鍵詞 | 經濟; 生態; 湖廣西部山區; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 明末清初,湖廣西部,多屬土司舊地;山多田少,地曠人稀。十八世紀以來, 開始大規模的土地開發。開發的主要背景有:人口膨脹的壓力,改土歸流的實行, 政府積極的勸墾政策和玉米、甘藷等高地作物的引種等。大批移民湧入當地開墾, 各州縣境內人口遽增,客民比率增高。十九世紀中期,湖廣西部山區大抵已完全開 發。此外,山民的開荒,曾造成森林資源大量地萎縮與消失。隨著生態環境的變遷 當地的經濟與社會環境也產生變動,諸如:山地資源的變動與消失;地力破壞,作 物產量下降和水災頻率增加等。此因,經濟利用、社會穩定和生態環境三者之間的 平衡,成為清代湖廣西部山區開發的一個問題。此外,當時的有識之士深知生態環 境破壞的嚴重性,曾提出圍田和開山之禁等言論與主張,亦可說明:中國的官僚是 具有生態保育觀。 |
英文摘要 | At the end of Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty, the western area of Hunan and Hupei, which mostly belonged to old territory of local tribe chiefs, was an area where mountains were numerous, field was limited, and population was small in a vast region. Since the eighteenth century,land has started to be opened vigorously. The main background for such change includes: pressure of population grouwth, practice of changing local tribe administration to flexible administration, government incentive policy of land cultivation and introduction of highland crops such as corn, sweet potato and thers. A large immigrant crowd rushed to the said place for development and cultivation and so the population in the territory of each county drastically increased. During the mid-nineteenth century, the majority of the western mountainous areas of Hunan and Hupel was fully developed. Besides, the pioneering development of barren plave of mountainous residents once caused considerable reduction and disappearance of forest resource. Wiht the transition of ecological environemnt, the local economy and social environment also changed accordingly: transition and disappearance of resource in mountainous area. destruvtio to land capacity, reduction of crop production quantity, and increase of flood frequency, etc. Therefore, this area encountered the equilibrium problem in terms of economy utility, social stability, and ecological environmnet in Qing dynasty. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。