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題 名 | 成人教育方案發展的理論、實際與反思=The Theories, Practice and Reflection on Adult Education Program Development |
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作 者 | 魏惠娟; | 書刊名 | 成人教育學刊 |
卷 期 | 2 1998.09[民87.09] |
頁 次 | 頁185-217 |
分類號 | 528.3 |
關鍵詞 | 方案發展; 方案規劃; Program development; Program planning; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 方案規劃是一個複雜的過程,自從諾爾斯(Knowles, 1950)出版非正式成人教育 (Informal adult education)一書以來,爾後四十多年文獻上共出現了將近100個規劃模 式,方案規劃者對於眾多方案發展的理論模式,有不同的觀點,文獻上雖有所謂重要事件 模式(critical events model)、識字課程模式(literacy curriculum model)、護理 繼續教育模式(continuing education in nursing)、自我導向學習模式(self- directed learning)...等,幾乎令人目不暇給。早在1976年,潘寧頓及葛瑞寅( Pennington and Green, 1976)就曾經研究方案規劃的理論模式,並且指出文獻中的規劃 模式與繼續教育的實際有很大的差距,很多規劃非常膚淺。此外,賽維羅及威爾森( Cervero and Wilson, 1994)的研究也指出上述紛然並陳的模式並沒有具體的告訴方案規 劃者在實際充滿權力關係與興趣衝突的情境中應該怎麼做。 方案發展的內涵與過程的確比現有理論模式所能呈現的還要複雜,有關的研究趨勢, 也由模式的建構逐漸向模式的批判與應用,希望能縮短理論與實務的差距。有鑑於方案發 展在成人教育實施過程中居關鍵角色,組織領導人必須正視方案規劃者專業知能的加強與 實踐,然而究竟理論是否有助於實務?如何有助於實務?不但理論學者要思考,也是實務 工作者所關心的問題。因此,本文的架構如同標題所示,首先,利用文獻探討析論方案發 展的理論;其次,藉由實務工作者焦點群體訪談的方法來探討方案發展的實際;最後綜合 上述,對於理論與實務的差距提出個人的一些反思。 本文從成人教育方案發展的理論探討中發現,方案發展的理論模式實際上已經清楚明 白的告訴規劃者方案規劃的整體內涵,以及在規劃過程中不可或缺的工作,例如:需求評 估、評鑑、行政安排....等。由方案規劃實務工作者的訪談中,也肯定了理論是規劃與思 考的基礎,理論使人更聰明。至於理論與實際之間所存在的落差,筆者認為此非理論之過 ,其實是「人」的問題,因此,筆者建議,要培養成人教育方案規劃者終生學習的能力, 同時在成人教育專業知能培訓課程中,更要加強課程設計與方案發展理論的聯結。 |
英文摘要 | Adult education program planning is a complicated process requires a combination of management skills, system thinking ability and political ability . There have been two issues that confused the planners: what the program content should be? And how to do plan? There is an abundance of theories for program development. However, most practitioners thought theories only show how to do their jobs ideally, but don't tell them issues such as "what for" and "for whom". Cervero and Wilson (1994) have written Planning responsibly for adult education in response to practitioners' concern. Their book argues that a useful theory is one that tells practitioners what happen and how to do in the real world. They criticize that most of the theories fail to satisfy such needs . The assumptions of the article have three folds: (1)There is currently a gap between theories and practice; (2)Theories identified in the literature are useful. (3)The problem is on the sides of practitioners and the professional development program provided for them. The purpose of the article is to analyze the difference between theories and practice. To that purpose, the author reviewed literature firt. Secondly, the focus group interview of the practitioners was conducted. Thirdly, the researcher did an analysis based on results from the above procedures. Finally, the author's personal reflection was provided for the future directions and more thinking. The study agrees that there is currently a gap between theories and Practice as identified by the study of Cervero and Wilson. Also found by their study is the theoretic models are not helpful enough which, however, was rejected by the study. The study argues that the theories fail to help the practitioners is because theories are not well organized into the professional development program. The study also suggests that the program planners need to become a lifelong learner. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。