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題 名 | 一條畫不清的界線:從信念的角度看科學=A Boundary Blurred: Examining Science from the Perspective of Belief |
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作 者 | 李國偉; | 書刊名 | 臺灣社會學研究 |
卷 期 | 3 1999.07[民88.07] |
頁 次 | 頁189-211 |
分類號 | 300 |
關鍵詞 | 畫界問題; 科學知識; 信念; Demarcation; Scientific knowledge; Belief; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 當人們想區分什麼是可信賴的知識,什麼只是胡思亂想時,會不自覺地進行一些畫界的工作。為科學畫界的企圖,至少在法國孔德處已經可以找到蹤跡。然而明白地提出「畫界問題」,闡述它的重要性,並且嘗試給出合適解答的人卻是波普,他認為衡量一種理論的科學地位是它的可證偽性。不過把可證偽性向前投射,作為未來評判理論是否應該歸屬科學王國的依據,卻是一種信念性的宣示。拉卡托斯從整理科學史的經驗基礎上,批判了波普的素樸證偽主義,但是他的「科學研究綱領方法論」會使「畫界問題」更形模糊。我們觀察了一些科學家平日行事的「大拇指法則」,發現科學內部客觀知識的獲取,也許必須通過實證或邏輯推理的方法,但是對科學這個知識體系加以肯定,則少不了實證以外的信念成分。當我們對一些關於科學的「迷思」深入認識後,會發現也許那條在「科學」與「非科學」之間的界線,只是我們主觀希望的投影,「畫界問題」勿寧說是屬於一種「假問題」。我們需要參考科學的全景,來階段性評估某個論域算不算科學。科學的全景需要同時從三種向度揭示:1.從知識架構的向度,2.從時間演化的向度,3.從人的行動的向度。當我們對科學的認識,穩當地鼎立在知識、歷史、社會三足之上後,在一種科學文化的大場景中,才能對一些論域的品評作出有意義的貢獻。這個時候我們用以檢視、評論、分析對象的理念依據,就必然包括有信念的成分。 |
英文摘要 | When people try to distinguish between reliable knowledge and fanciful thinking, they often make implicit demarcations without stating their criteria. Attempts to demarcate science from other endeavors can be traced back at least to Comte. However, it was Popper who first formulated the demarcation problem, stressed its importance, and proposed a solution. He uses falsifiability to certify whether a theory is scientific. It is an act of belief to take falsifiability as the standard to legitimatize any possible theory as a member of the kingdom of science. Popper's naive falsificationism was criticized by Lakatos. Yet Lakatos' methodology of scientific research programmes makes the demarcation problem even fuzzier. We examine some rules of thumb that are observed by scientists in every day practice. We realize that some fundamental beliefs beyond empirical proof are indispensable in order to uphold the system of scientific knowledge. After a close look at a number of common myths about science, we find that the supposed line between science and non-science is a projection of subjective intentions. The demarcation problem is also a kind of pseudo problem. We need to take a holistic attitude in assessing whether some discourses belong to science at certain stages. Such a holistic attitude contains elements extending to three dimensions: 1. the dimension of knowledge structure, 2. the dimension of time evolution, and 3. the dimension of community action. Once our understanding of science is firmly rooted in epistemology, history, and sociology, we will begin to appreciate the commonly overlooked role played by belief in a scientific world outlook. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。