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題名 | 以熱帶海洋大氣耦合模式模擬E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation(2)耦合模式的進一步測試=On the Simulation of E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation with an Ocean-Atmospheric Coupled Model (Ⅱ): A Further Examination of Coupled Model |
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作者 | 吳明進; 張欽雄; | 書刊名 | 大氣科學 |
卷期 | 25:4 1997.12[民86.12] |
頁次 | 頁419-448 |
分類號 | 328.2 |
關鍵詞 | 模式參數; 初始場; 2户層海洋模式; 2户 layer ocean model; Model parameter; Initial field; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 張與吳(1997)以淺水方程海洋模式與Gi11(1980)型態的大氣模式為基礎,建立熱帶海洋大氣耦合模式來模擬ElNiNino/Southern Oscillation(ENSO)。結果顯示該耦合模式對於二種典型的ElNino演化都能夠有良好的模擬,本文則針對此耦合模式作進一步的測試。 首先將模式的南北邊界由20°S∼20°N改為30°S~30°N,模式結果顯示羅士貝波有明顯的頻散現象且前沿有明顯折回現象。在加強海洋對大氣的加熱效率和大氣對海洋表面風吹作用的實驗中,發現兩者皆代表大尺度海氣交互作用加強,模擬的結果顯示都會使系統移速加快,擾動更加侷限在赤道附近。而由加強非絕熱加熱的實驗指出,過度的非絕熱加熱易使系統趨於不穩定。若忽略溫度垂直平流作用,實驗結果顯示系統移動緩慢,海洋羅士貝波沒有往赤道折回現象。在考慮海洋垂直溫度平流對海面溫度變化影響的實驗中,分別以混合層垂直速度來平流垂直溫度梯度與以混合層厚度參數化來代替。結果顯示,以混合層厚度參數化垂直平流作用,會引發系統產生新的暖池與冷池且隨時間東移;而以混合層的垂直速度及溫度梯度參數化的垂直平流和以混合層厚度參數化的結果類似,但實驗結果以混合層厚度來參數化湧升效應可能較適合。為探討南北半球非對稱熱源對海氣系統強迫的影響,將暖水異常往北移5度,結果顯示,模式最初會有南北非對稱的結構.,但系統會逐漸調整成對稱結構。在加入信風氣候場的實驗結果指出:信風的張弛,海氣系統的反應和西風爆發的結果相同:信風氣候場的存在能阻止海氣系統的東移,使系統呈現滯留的平衡狀態。說明信風氣候場的存在為維持非ElNino狀態的主要機制之一。在西太平洋給予北風擾動,用來模擬深入熱帶地區的東亞寒潮對熱帶海氣系統強迫。結果顯示,西太平洋的北風爆發和西風爆發的結果相同,都可能產生1972/73年型態的ELNino。 此外,在將模式海洋改成2 1/2層的實驗指出,海洋第二斜壓模和決定系統擾動傳播速隻以及能量侷限於赤道地區的現象有關。 |
英文摘要 | Chang and Wu(19.97) developed a tropical ocean-atmospheric coupled model through combining shallow water equations oceanic model and Gill (1980) type atmospheric model to simulate El Nino/Southern Oscillation. It is shown that this coupled model can simulate the evolution of two kind of typical El Nino well. This paper focus on the further examination of the coupled model. At first, instead of 20OS-20ON, the northern and southern boundaries of the model are extended to 30'S~30'N. The results of simulations on this new version of the coupled model indicate that the front end of Rossby waves propagate dispursive and recursive significantly back to the equator. Both intensifying ocean to atmosphere heating efficiency or increasing atmosphere to ocean wind stress drag coefficient testifying enhanced large scale air-sea interaction . The results of the experiments show that the coupled system moves faster and the perturbations are trapped closer to the equator. The results of enhance diabatic heating experiments show that too strong diabatic heating causes instability. If the vertical temperature advection were neglected in the model , the simulations show that perturbation moves slowly and the oceanic Rossby type waves will not propagate recursively back to the equator. Oceanic vertical temperature advection is critical to the sea surface temperature variations. Two parameterization schemes were designed to simulate this process . One is parameterized with mixing layer vertical velocity and temperature gradient The other one is parameterized with mixing layer depth. The simulations of the model with the former scheme show that warm pool will generate new warm pool and cold pool, and whole feature propagates eastward. The model with the later scheme, get similar results. However, the former scheme could be better. In order to study the effect of the observed hemispheric asymmetric heating source to the ocean-atmospheric system, warm sea surface anomalies were move 5 degree latitude northward. The results of simulations indicate that the system form asymmetric structure at the early stage. However, it adjust to symmetric structure at last. Applying easterly wind forcing on the eastern Pacific is designed to simulate the effect of the trade wind background. The results of the experiment indicate that the trade wind background field can retard the ocean-atmospheric perturbation moving eastward. This process gives a stationary equilibrium state . The ocean-atmospheric system response to a relaxation of trade wind is similar to that of westerly wind burst. This implies that persistent trade wind maintains non-El Nino state. An experiment with applying northerly wind forcing in the western Pacific is designed to simulate the cold surge of the East Asia down to the tropics. The result of simulations indicate that northerly wind burst is similar to the westerly wind burst. Both of them cause an 1972-73 " El Nino. Furthermore, model ocean was modified to 2,V2 layer . The results of simulations indicate that the oceanic second baroclinic mode is related to the perturbation propagating speed and constrain the energy to the equatorial area. |
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