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題名 | 以熱帶海洋大氣耦合模式模擬E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation(一)耦合模式的建立與兩種型態E1 Nino的模擬=On the Simulation of E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation with an Ocean-Atmospheric Coupled Model Part I:Construction of the Coupled Model and Simulations of Two Types E1 Nino |
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作 者 | 張欽雄; 吳明進; | 書刊名 | 大氣科學 |
卷期 | 25:3 1997.09[民86.09] |
頁次 | 頁357-378 |
分類號 | 328.2 |
關鍵詞 | 海氣耦合模式; Ocean-atmospheric coupled model; 1972/73 E1 E; 1982/83 E1 Nino; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 現象, 為現在所知影響大氣 - 海洋系 統之氣候中最顯著的現象。 為了模擬 ENSO 的形成與演化, 本文採用淺水方程海洋模式與 Gill ( 1980 )的大氣模式為基礎的海洋大氣耦合模式來模擬 ENSO;其中海洋藉表面溫度 場參數化的加熱作用來驅動大氣,而大氣藉艾克曼層的摩擦過程,來吹送洋流的移動。海氣 耦合模式即透過這種海洋與大氣間熱量與動量傳送過程,將海洋模式與大氣模式連結成一完 整的封閉系統。模式中在處理海洋湧升流效應對海面溫度的影響時,同時考慮垂直溫度平流 及斜溫層深度變化。 模式的主要架構為在大氣部份所使用的為單層大氣,海洋部份則包含了混合層與艾克曼層組 成 1 �� / �紡h的海洋模式。 在耦合模式的發展過程中,吾人先單獨測試海洋模式與大氣模式的特性包含了:淺水重力波 、凱爾文波和羅士貝波的模擬與邊界條件的測試,及 Gill ( 1980 )型態大氣的模擬;在 海洋模式中為了能符合實際的邊界條件,故在南北方向上選擇海綿吸收邊界,而在東西方向 上選擇反射邊界。 當把兩模式結合在一起,並在中太平洋給予一暖水異常擾動,則暖水異常會逐漸向東移動, 而造成東太平洋的異常增溫,此與 1982/83 的 ENSO 個案相當類似。 當模式中給予西風爆發時,暖水異常迅速在東太平洋產生,並以羅士貝波的形式向西傳 |
英文摘要 | El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is known up to now as the most significant phenomena which affect the climate of atmosphere-ocean system. In this paper, a coupled model based on a shallow water equations of oceanic model and an atmospheric model of Gill (1980) is applied to simulate ENSO. In this model, ocean drives the atmosphere by differential surface heating which is parameterized by sea surface temperature (SST), while the atomsphere drifts the ocean current by the friction in the Ekman layer. The ocean-atmospheric coupled model is linked to form a complete closed system through the momentum and energy transfer among the ocean and atmosphere. In the model, both vertical temperature advection and thermocline depth are considered in coupling the SST variation caused by oceanic upwelling. The main frame of the coupled model in the atmosphere is a single layer model, while those in the ocean include mixing and Ekman layers as an 1 �� / �� layer model. In the developing this coupled model, the various characteristics of the ocean and atmosphere have been tested separately. In the ocean model an absorbed sponge boundary condition in the north and south boundaries, and a reflection boundary condition in the east and west boundaries are adapted fit the real ocean situation. If a warm surface water anomaly is applied on the Central Pacific, the coupled system shows that warm anomaly will move to the east gradually and cause an extraordinary warming in the Eastern Pacific. These situations are like thos in the 1982/83 El Nino. When a westerly wind burst is applied to the coupled model, the results show that warm anomaly appears fast in the Eastern Pacific and propagates westward to the Central Pacific by the Rossby Wave form. These situations are like those in the 1972/73 El Nino. |
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