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題 名 | 試析方以智的科學觀=An Analysis of Yi-Tzu Fun's Scientific Thoughts |
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作 者 | 蓋瑞忠; | 書刊名 | 嘉義師院學報 |
卷 期 | 11 1997.11[民86.11] |
頁 次 | 頁579-602 |
分類號 | 127.1 |
關鍵詞 | 科學觀; 哲學科學; 科學分類方法; 科技思想; 自然觀; 認識論; 方法論; Scientific views; Philosophical science; Technological thoughts; Naturalistic views principles of knowledge; Methodology; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 明末清初的中國,正是由傳教士、商人、旅遊者將西方科技思想傳入東 方的初期。對於傳統知識界的有心人來說,難免會產生一些,「會通」與「超勝」的念頭。 始而驚訝,繼而模仿,進而創新,逐步走出自己的思維系統。方以智是傳統的知識份子,對 於哲學科學不但有其研究心得,而且都能記錄下來。當我們研究他的科技哲學思想時,便力 於他個人的著作。在他前期代表作 << 通雅 >> 和 << 物理小識 >> 中,除了訓釋、考證、 音聲的闡釋之外,更可以看出他的科學分類方法;看到他的科學哲學混一的見解以及格物方 法等思想脈絡。後期的代表作 << 蕧地炮莊 >>、<< 東西均 >> 兩書雖然偏重於哲學方面, 實與前期的著作相呼應。他從宏觀的角度命題,從微觀的角度剖折問題,整體看來,其哲學 科學思想是比較中性的。易言之,他在西方科技思想的激盪下和傳統觀念的固蔽中,既不完 全接受,也不全盤否定。他經過一番篩揀的步驟和思索,應該採納的便欣然接受;應該揚棄 的也毫不迷戀的加以否定,絕對不是一個鄉愿人物。侯外慮為重版 << 東西均 >> 作序時, 簡要地指出了他的成就和貢獻說:「方以智在明末清初的學術思想中,是一個以自然科學與 哲學聯盟為特微的學派的中堅。他的哲學和王船山的哲學是同時代的大旗,中國十七世紀時 代精神的重要側面。」這也是比較中肯的介紹,只是忽略了一些應有的科學思想方面的凸顯 性。本文對方以智的科學觀之研究,多取材於其個人的著作。從他的自然觀入手以掌握其思 維影響,再輔以認識論、方法論而歸結到科學觀主題,如此或許可以形成一個完整的研究系 統。至於詮釋其著作中的語彙是否得當,則留待賢明指正。其次,本文的研究重心,雖然只 把目標鎖定在明末清初 (1611- 1671) 這個小段落上,且自此一小段落中摘取方以智的科學 觀為對象, 就範圍言之,似乎嫌小了一些,但如果能與劉君燦在科技史年會上 (1993 年, 臺北 ) 所提出的論文 << 方以智的自然觀 >>,以及筆者在嘉師學報所譔 << 「會通」與「 超勝」-試析徐光啟的科技思想 >> 併讀,也許能夠匯聚出此期思想界的一條細流,進而把 以期的科技人物之思想,成就凸顯出來,誘使學術界作更深層化、系統化的研究和肯定。拋 磚引玉,也是很有意義的事。 |
英文摘要 | It was just as the ending of the Ming dynasty and the beginning of the Ching dynasty as well in the Chinese history that the scientific and technical thoughts had been transferring from the West to the Orient by the priests, merchants and travelers. For those who had been intent on the studies in the circle of traditional knowledge, hardly had some ideas of communication and excelling ever not appearred in their mind in such challenging cases, what they did showed the surprising at first, imitating next, innovationg furthermore and the gradually performing their own thinking system at last. Yi-Tzu Fun was one of the traditional intellectuals at that time, not only having his own particular studies of science and philosophy, but also recording them in all. When we did research on his scientific and technical thoughts, his writings would be very important and directly helpful. In the works such as "Tong Ya" together with "The Small Senses of Physics" he finished in the former period, except that the interpretations for the definition of vocabulary and words in meaning, the rooted checking of the original sources in materials needed to be more intensively explained, we might see his views of the scientific classification in methology, and look into such contextual systems as the confusion of science and philosophy, and the ways to think over inside calmly, clearly in consistence with the things outside. In such writings as "Yo Dip Pau Chun" and "The Balance of the West and the Orient" he delivered in the later period, we might also discover even though those works were. the philosophy in inclination, actually they were on correspondency with the ones out in the former period. Due to the prositions he provided from the grandiose views and the anslysis he made from the narrow ones, his scientific and technical thoughts were comparatively neutral. In other words, not only did he not accept, but negative at all under the circumstances of the shock of the western scientific and technical thoughts and the fixation of the Chinese traditional concepts. By way of the thinking inquiry and the steps to serious choices, he accepted in the nice mood what he assumed valuable to be employed, and abandoned with no attraction what he saw as the negative. It was therefore that he was absoluately not a person with the fallacious traits in personality. The forewords in the revision edition of "The Balance of the West and the Orient" by Wai-Lu Ho showed that the great accomplishments and boundless contributions Yi-Tzu Fun had made were described simply as follows: For the culturallyt academic thoughts in the ending of the Ming dynasty and the beginning of the Ching dynasty, Yi-Tzu Fun was a very important person in his school characterized by the connection of natural science and philosophy. The evaluation of his philosophy was the same outstanding as that of Chuan-San Wang. Both were the two great philosophiers in that times, reflecting the important dimension of spirits of times tidings in the 17th century in China. The materials employed in the paper for studies on Yi-Tzu Fun's scientific and technical thoughts were most derived from his own works. The first the writer did was to grasp his ways how he thought ;the next to inquire into the philosophy of knowldge and methology he built up, and the final to include the topics of scientific thoughts he proposed. In this way, the more whole system of this study might be apparently performed. As to the further interpretations of the adequate usages of the vocabularies, words and verbal expressions in his writings, it had to be left for those who had the special studies on them to render the clear, particular directions. And furthermore, the the focus of this paper was on the short-time stage in the Chinese history. Although its goal was to fix on the time when the Ming dynasty was ending, and the Ching dynasty was beginning, namely on the years from 1611 to 1671; its subject was only given to the scientific thought of Yi-Tzu Fun, it seemed less narrow and smaller in its scope of research. However, to read the one paper titled "Studies on Yi-Yzu Fun's Natural Thought" presented by Chusen- Chan Liu in the year conference of this history of science and technology in Taipei in 1993 and the other titled "The Analysis of Guan- Chi Hsu's Scientific and Technical Thoughts" by the writer in the volume 7 of the Journal of National Chiayi Teachers College in 1993, it might well be found out the small stream of thought in this period, and furthermore, the apparant appearances of the core persons who had been well-known in science, so that the more scholars and specialists could be attracted to do research systematically on it to make sure its academic value positively. After all, it was significant to do the first rough exploration in research for the purpose of letting the following better studies out. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。