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題 名 | 華北塢壁的分布演變與晉廷勢力消長=The Development and Distribution of Wul Walls in North China during The Jinn Dynasty (A.D. 265-419) |
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作 者 | 易毅成; | 書刊名 | 屏東師院學報 |
卷 期 | 10 1997.06[民86.06] |
頁 次 | 頁283-317 |
分類號 | 545.4 |
關鍵詞 | 華北; 晉代; 塢壁; 環境特性; 空間分布; 聚落發展; North China; Jinn dynasty; Wul wall; Hu race; Environmental characteristic; Location; Settlement; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本文首先討論西晉出現的塢壁之環境特性,指出西晉塢壁不一定是永嘉之辭流民 所始據,有些是在先前已存立。而且西晉塢壁多非深處山區及胝廣闊的可耕平臺以維生,通 谷要道與河湖險地反而是分布所趨。晉代塢壁有上述特性,是與它的本質有關,塢壁原為僅 代邊塞警訊體系的設施,東漢以後因羌患而逐漸內地化,分布於京畿洛陽附近。魏晉承此趨 勢,塢壁仍是以洛陽及關中為主要分布區。永嘉之辭流民湧入了這些塢壁,或仿其制於險固 之地建立塢壁,此時塢壁成了晉人對抗胡騎的最後憑藉。塢主因分屬不同晉廷派系而分立, 塢壁後來也因晉賽向南方潰退而漸向黃淮之間分布。但是塢壁終究因規模小、人口承載能力 有限而難以久支,在胡人勢力逐漸穩固後,這些塢壁也紛紛除撤或投降,是可視為晉廷在北 方撤離的指標。在平寂了約四十年以後,隨著北方胡人政權的消弱南南方晉人逐漸地北進, 此時塢壁的記載又再度出現。南方晉人利用水道、湖泊為北上之基地,此時水上塢壁增加, 其本上是沿著南方水軍前進的途徑而分佈。由塢壁的歷史發展與空間分布來看,與官方有密 切的關聯性。所以塢壁仍可以視為定居農業的漢人,在對抗游移不定的胡騎時之產物,自漢 至晉其基本性質是一致的。晉代塢壁的分布一直都以黃淮之間為主,是與上述發展有關。然 而五胡與北朝統治的北方,其人口重心是偏重在黃活以北。從地緣來論,塢壁的影響力是有 限的,不應擴大解釋以為北方聚落發展深受其影響。河北聚落發展與形態,應是在深受胡人 族群影響下蛻變而成,與一直是晉人影響為主的塢壁關聯較小。 |
英文摘要 | This paper discussed the environmental characteristics of the Wul walls in the Jinn dynasty. One of the significant characteristics was that the Wul walls of this era were located along traffic valleys, reivers and lakes. These Wul walls appeared to be the fundations for the Jinn people to resist the invasions ofthe Hu races after A.D. 311. When the Hu races became strong, Jinn people gave up these bases and retreated to the South. Forty years later the Wul walls appeared in the North again indicating that the Jinn regime regained their control over the northern part of China. However, the distributions of the Wul walls differed from the ordinary settlements for refugees because the courses of the distributions were in accordance with the deployment of the Jinn's military forces. apparently, the Wul walls were estaglished by the people of the agrarian society in order to protect them from the attack of the nomadic tribes. On the other hand, the development and habitation patterns in the northern region of China were mainly influenced by the nomadic people and less influenced by the Jinn people and the establishment of the Wul walls. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。