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題 名 | 從過客到定居者--戰後臺灣「外省族群」形成與轉變的境況分析=From Sojourners to Settlers--A Circumstantial Study of the Making of Mainlanders as an Ethnic Group in Contemporary Taiwan |
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作 者 | 李廣均; | 書刊名 | 社會文化學報 |
卷 期 | 3 1996.05[民85.05] |
頁 次 | 頁367-390 |
分類號 | 546.592 |
關鍵詞 | 戰後臺灣; 外省族群; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 在九十年代「後蔣經國」時期,臺灣社會「外省人」的圖像有了明顯的改變。在面對臺灣近一、二十年劇烈的政治、社會變動時,「外省族群」的群體意識從早先的「光復大陸」轉變成目前的「悍衛中華民國、我是中國人」,主要的競爭對象也從「竊據大陸的共匪」變成了「數典忘祖的臺獨人士」。這些改變是我們在討論臺灣的社會變遷時,所不能忽略的面向。本文主旨在嘗試分析,造成外省人群體意識形成與轉變的歷史境況。本文所持的分析觀點是,「外省人」族群實體的形成,是開始於1949年大陸軍民來到臺灣之後,而非之前。「外省人」族群性的產生,是他們在臺灣地區近五十年來,和「本省人」互動經驗的結果,而不是來臺前團體特徵的延續。換言之,今日許多外省人和本省人之間行為和態度上的差異,必須要從兩個族群之間互動的歷史經驗中尋求了解,而不是歸因於移民原籍地或移民時期的差異。作者認為,外省人族群化的研究,必須要落實在臺灣地區的歷史經驗上,否則抽離了臺灣的歷史時空,「外省族群」一詞就失去意義。作者提出四個互相銜扣的歷史境況,作為了解外省人群體性格轉變的起點。依序是,(一)移民預期停留時間(expected migration duration)的模糊 ;(二)國家政策對族群類屬(ethnic category)的建構;(三)經濟發展與相對優勢的喪失;(四)本土化的民主轉型與認同困境(identity dilemma)。 |
英文摘要 | This paper takes the circumstantial approach to examine the circumstances under which Mainlanders as a group develop from sojouners into settlers in Taiwan's post-war history. According to the circumstantial approach, ethnic group comes into existence as a response to some social processes which a certain group of people encounter collectively. The author, siding with the circumstantial approach, argues that Mainlanders as an ethnic group started to develop after rather than before their recent migration to Taiwan, The ethnicity of the "Mainlander" is an emergent phenomenon resulting from the social processes in Taiwan that are susceptible to causal analysis independent of primordial peculiarities. For the making of the ethnic group of Mainlanders, it owes more to the socio-historical circumstances which they went through together after 1949 than to the often cited origins of their recent migrating from Mainland China. In other words, rather than being caused by the persistence of behavior pattens characteristic of their respective areas of origin, much of the socio-political variations between Taiwanese and Mainlanders could result from the experiences of different collective adjustment under changing historical contexts. One goal of this paper is to sort out these adjustment experiences behind the making of Mainlanders as an ethnic group. Besides, I argue, although Mainlanders have long been referred to by Taiwanese as "Waishengren" which literally means outsiders or people not belonging to this province (of Taiwan) Mainlanders as a group have undergone through some organizational changes regarding to their long-term relationship with Taiwan and Tai wanese. For example, after living in Taiwan for more than forty years, Mainlanders now have become de facto "Taiwanese" rather than short-term intruding outsiders. What holds Mainlanders together as an ethnic group shifts from once-concerted efforts for home return to current ethnic competition for collective identity. Failure to take into account these changes will jeopardize our analysis of and prescription for Taiwan's ethnic relations. Thus, the second goal of this paper is to explore the historical circumstances that transform Mainlanders from sojouning immigrants into co-ethnic settlers. It is hoped that a study of the continuity and change of Mainlanders as an ethnic group can provide help for easing ethnic tension in contemporary Taiwan. In the pages that follow, I start with a discussion of the two major theoretical approaches for explaining the nature and origins of ethnicity. Then four historical circumstances are identified as essential to understanding the ethnicization and transformation of Mainlanders. First, I argue, the post-migration adjustment behaviors of Mainlanders are subject to the effect of their expected duration of stay in Taiwan. The effect of an expected return to Mainland China predominantly defined the character of early ethnic relations between Taiwanese and Mainlanders. Second, some state policies of the Kuomingtang regime are found to have indirect but significant impacts on the construction of the ethnic category. Third, ethnic division of labor in occupation concentration contributes to the production of different life experiences and mobility chances for Mainlanders and Taiwanese. Fourth, the rise of Taiwanese consciousness and political power during Taiwan's recent transition to democracy challenges to reshape the identity of Mainlanders. In the end, I conclude with some implications and limitations of this paper. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。