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| 題 名 | 論宋代的三大詩案=Discussion of Three Great Cases of Poetic Heresy in the Sung Dynasty |
|---|---|
| 作 者 | 曾棗莊; | 書刊名 | 故宮學術季刊 |
| 卷 期 | 14:2 民85.冬 |
| 頁 次 | 頁29-41+左3-4 |
| 分類號 | 831.5 |
| 關鍵詞 | 宋代; 詩案; 蘇軾; 王安石; 蔡確; 江湖集; 陳起; Sung dynasty; Cases of Poetic heresy; Su Shih; Wang An-shih; Tsai Chueh; Rivers and Lakes Collection; Chen Chi; |
| 語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
| 中文摘要 | 在一般人的印象中,宋代重文輕武,宋太祖曾說「作宰相須是讀書人」(《宋朝 事實類苑》卷一),並立有戒碑,內容之一就是「不得殺士大夫及上書言事人」(潘永因《 宋椑類鈔》卷一),似乎宋代的文化政策是比較寬鬆的。不殺士大夫,宋代諸帝基本上是遵 守了的。但宋代文禍之多卻遠遠超過唐代。早在大中祥符二年(一○○九),楊億諸人的《 宣曲二十二韻》,就引起讒臣告密、真宗下詔:「今後屬文之士,有辭涉浮華,玷於名教者 ,必加朝典,庶復素風。其古今文集可以垂範,欲雕印者,委本路轉運使選部內文士看詳, 可者即印本以聞。」(《宋大詔令集》卷一九三)這是宋初第一道文禁詔,但僅僅是警告而 已,楊億諸人還未因此獲罪。而以後因詩獲罪者卻越來越多,正如洪邁《容齋隨筆》卷二所 說:「唐人詩歌,其於先世及時事,直辭詠寄,略無避諱。至宮禁嬖昵,非外間所應知者, 皆反復極言,而上之人亦不以為罪。.....今之詩人不敢爾也。」本文不擬全面論述宋 代詩案,只以北宋的眉山詩案、車蓋亭詩案和南宋的《江湖集》詩案為例,來看看宋代的文 字獄。 |
| 英文摘要 | Most people's impression of the Sung Dynasty is that great weight was placed on the cultural while military matters were taken lightly. As the first Emperor of the Sung, T'ai Tzu, had said, "Those who are Premiers must be men of letters" (Sung Ch'ao Shih Shih Lei Yuan, volume 1); further, he erected a stele, the contents of which included that "Intellectuals and people who submit written reports to the Emperor must not be killed" (Po Yung Yin, Sung Pai Lei Ch'ao, volume 1). It would seem that Sung Dynasty cultural policy was relatively loose. Not to kill intellectuals was something that all S'ung Emperors basically respected. Early on in 1009, Yang I and cohorts' "Twenty-two Poems of the Hsuan Ch'u Variety" (Hsuan Ch'u Erh Shih Erh Yun) incited the slandering of officials and the informing of secrets, and Emperor Chen Ts'ung issued an edict:"From now on those scholars who compose writing which has extravagant expressions, or which sullies the good name of orthodoxy, shall be treated under Imperial law in hopes that we might return to usual practice. Collections of old and new writings may be handed down, but those that wish to publish them must submit a copy to the local Transportation General so that he can select a scholar from the department to look at it in detail; permissible pieces will then be printed and reported to the central government" (Sung Ta Chao Ling Chi, volume 193). This is the first Imperial edict on literary proscription of the early S'ung, however it was only a warning, and Yang I and cohorts were still not sentenced on account of it. But later as there were more and more sentencings over poetry, it was as Hung Mai said in Jung Chai Sui Pi, volume 2:"The poems and songs of people of the T'ang were completely without taboo, to the point where Palace intimacies of which no-one outside was supposed to know were all chewed over in the most extreme language, and people in authority didn't even take it to be a crime...Today's poets do not dare to do that." In this piece I do not intend to to discuss all cases of poetic heresy in the Sung. I will take only the Meishan and Ch'e Kai T'ing cases of the Northern Sung, and the "Rivers and Lakes Collection" (Chianghu Chi) of the Southern Sung, as examples. Let us then take a look at the literary prison of the Sung Dynasty. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。