頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 商周奴隸社會說糾謬=The Shang-Chou Slave-Society Theory: A Refutation |
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作 者 | 何炳棣; | 書刊名 | 人文及社會科學集刊 |
卷 期 | 7:2 1995.09[民84.09] |
頁 次 | 頁77-108 |
分類號 | 546.2 |
關鍵詞 | 商代; 兩周; 奴隸; 社會身分; 奴隸社會; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 奴隸的通性有三:一、奴隸是屬於主人的、可以買賣的「物」和「動產」,不具 有人的權利與義務;二、奴隸與原來所屬的種族、邦國、宗教、家族的關係完全已被根拔; 三、奴隸永是社會的「外方人」。只有依靠奴隸為生產主力的古今社會,才能被稱為奴隸社 會。 以上列奴隸三個基本特徵與商周考古及文獻資料相核證的結果是:佔商代人口極大多數的「 眾」和佔周代人口極大多數的「庶人」都是享有室家的平民,都不是奴隸;即使周代被認為 「卑賤」的「皁、隸、圉、牧」也還各有家室,都是下級的職事人員,不是奴隸。在商代只 有被擄的「羌」和其他異族的人是奴隸;在周代只有「罪隸」和異族戰俘是奴隸。真正的奴 隸在全人口中既微不足道而且很少從事生產,商周社會決無法被認為是奴隸社會。 附錄扼要指出何以商周奴隸社會說的指導理論--馬克思的「亞細亞生產方式說」--幾乎 完全沒有史實根據,所以不能成立。 |
英文摘要 | To be duly regarded as a slave, one has to possess the following characteristics. 1. Being in the nature of a "thing" (tes) or "chattel", he is devoid of human rights and obligations. 2. A slave is the one whose relationship with his original race, state, religion, kinship and family has been completely uprooted. 3. From the society's standpoint, a slave is always an "outsider." A critical examination of relevant archaeological and literary data of the Shang-Chou period, based on these three criteria, leads to the following conclusion: the overwhelming majorities of the Shang-Chou populations, being "chung 眾 " and "shu-jen 庶人 " respectively, all enjoyed ordinary family and kinship relationships and were therefore common people rather than salves; the scattered and numerically insignificant groups of slaves were either war captives or criminals. Ancient China never underwent a "salve-society" stage. The appendix explains succinctly how and why Marx's theme of "the Asiatic Mode of Production, " which has inspired the formulation of the Shang-Chou slave-society theory, is not borne out by historical evidence and must be declared invalid. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。