頁籤選單縮合
題名 | 兩岸廢污水排放費制度之比較 |
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作者 | 蕭代基; 葉新興; 蔡妙姍; | 書刊名 | 經社法制論叢 |
卷期 | 15 1995.01[民84.01] |
頁次 | 頁67-83 |
分類號 | 445.259 |
關鍵詞 | 兩岸; 廢污水排放費; 制度; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本文目的在於比較海峽兩岸廢污水排放費制度及其執行成效。廢污水排放費制度乃建立一套經濟誘因,供污染源自行考慮其成本與效益,污染防治的行為,以達改善環境品質的目的;而且排放費制度乃建立一個環境財產權由全部污染承受者所共有的制度,因此排放者必須清理污染到一個有效率的水準,再付給承受者殘餘損害之補償。據此廢污水排放費制度的比較準則為:標準與排放費並行、水污染之防治屬地方自治事項、排放類率應因時因地而異、變動費率、收入統收統支、收入不應用於補償污染的受者、收入不應用於補貼污染源。 大陸的水污染排放費制度自1979年開始執行,各地方省市政府根據地方特性,制定各具特色的辦法,再交流經驗,逐步改進。臺灣的辦法尚在草案討論階段。兩岸制度之共同點在於收入專款專用,而相異之處在於大陸的費率為變動費率,可由中央和地方政府(含省市)訂定,收入耜份用於補貼污染者,而臺灣由環境保護署訂定最低費率,各地方政府可以調高費率,但為固定費率,收入專用於污水下水道建設。大陸的制度有若干值得學習之處,如因地利宜的費率與依污染排放總量而變動的費率,以及收入原用於補貼的紆點與後來的修正措施。 |
英文摘要 | The waste water effluent charge systems in Taiwan and mainland China are compared in terms of seven criteria. An effluent charge per unit of residual discharge provides some incentive to discharger to dischargers to seek out or to try to develop technology that produce less discharge. An effluent charge system implies that property rights to the environment are held by effluent recipients, since the system not only requires that dischargers control their effluent to reduce environmental damage, but also requires them to pay a fee to cover the environmental damage imposed on effluent recipients. The seven criteria developed based on the theories of externality and property rights are : (1)Are effluent standards and charges mixed? (2)Does the authority of water pollution control belong to local governments? (3)do the effluent charges vary with locations of dischargers? (4)Are the charges variable depending on effluent reduced? (5)Are the revenues from effluent charges used as a source of public revenue? (6)Are the revenues used to compensate effluent recipients? (7)Are the revenues used to subsidize dischargers? Mainland China has employed an effluent charge system since 1979. Every local government designed its own system based on the guideline of the central government and its own locally specific characteristics. Experiences are shared and the systems are improved. Taiwan is still in the stage regulation design and formulation. A draft of the proposed effluent charge system for Taiwan is available for comparison. Both systems target the revenues for water pollution control measures. They differ in the following ways: The charges in mainland China are variable depending on effluent reduced, while they are not variable in Taiwan. The charges are dictated by local authorities in mainland China, while in Taiwan, the minimum levels of the charges are dictated by the central government, and the local governments can choose a higher charge. In mainland China, part of the revenues is used to subsidize dischargers, while the majority of the revenues are used to construct sewage systems in Taiwan. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。