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題名 | 試論新石器時代北方系統的環形玉器 |
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作者 | 楊美莉; | 書刊名 | 故宮學術季刊 |
卷期 | 12:1 民83.秋 |
頁次 | 頁73-117 |
分類號 | 794.4 |
關鍵詞 | 環形玉器; 中國北方; 新石器時代; Ring hyphen shaped jades; China, Northern; Neolithic period; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本文所謂的「環形玉器」是指圓片中央鑽一圓孔之器,包括習稱的璧、環、瑗、鐲等; 在中國環形玉器的使用甚早,大約在新石器時代早期末葉 (∼6000 B.C),北方的興隆窪文化、南方的河姆渡文化即以一種帶缺口的環形玉器作為環形玉器發展的濫觴;而南、北在發展環形玉器之物,已表現出形制特色的差異,此一差異的背後存在著南、北地理環境、生活方式以及對宇宙、生命的認知之不同。本文旨在探討北方 (以遼西地區為主,包括遼寧、黑龍江、內蒙古 ) 環形玉器的發展,進而瞭解北方文化的一些特質; 一九九○年阜新查海遺址、一九九二年興隆窪遺址的發掘,揭開了北方系環形玉器研究的序幕,兩地所出的玦,其截面近似三角形,肉上起稜,此一緣刃形的環形玉器,後來成為北方系環形玉器的基本型。 紅山文化 (3500-3000 B.C) 繼興隆窪、查海文化之後,在環形玉器的發展上有長足的進步,近一、二十年來,由於紅山文化遺址的發掘有豐厚的收穫,故對其文化的面貌愈見清楚,同時也使紅山文化環形玉器的研究更為落實、具體。而其所出的環形玉器表現二個重要的特色: (一) 緣刃;緣刃環形玉器的製作方法,是由外緣和孔緣向孔緣向肉琢磨出斜面,使緣成薄刃、肉上起稜,兩稜間或磨平,或再磨出隱溝,其截面則大多成「」。 (二) 變化性;據目前出土的環形玉器,除了肉窄孔大的環、肉寬孔小的璧之外,尚出現有雙連璧、三連璧、獸形玦、勾雲形器等變形環形器。紅山文化在環形玉器製作上所費的心思,也說明了此一文化的先民對於環形玉器的喜愛與重視。而紅山文化環形玉器所表現出來的特色,同時也在黑龍江的亞布力、杜爾伯特等類型文化的環形玉器上出現, 證實了紅山文化的環形玉器的確可以作為北方系環形玉器的典型。北方系環形玉器的諸多因素,在山東大汶口文化的環形玉器上尚可找到;大汶口文化延續的時間甚長,(4300-2400 B.C) 與紅山文化有重疊的時段,而在地理位置上,正好位於南、北文化交匯帶。故其環形玉器雖仍帶有北方系的特色,然如孔緣不帶刃,截面呈「」形,均說明是一種不單純的北方系統,因此筆者將此一文化的環形器當作是北方系環形玉器發展的南限。 陶寺類型龍山文化 (∼2500 B.C) 遺址位於山西西南, 是一般認為的夏文化的範圍,其所出之環形玉器保留有北方系緣刃的特色,推測是北方系環形玉器在龍山期的餘波,而由考古地層關係來看,陶寺類型文化與北方紅山文化之間的關係,似乎極有探討的價值。總而言之,我們推測在北方環形玉器所呈現的特色背後,隱藏有北方先民物質生活、精神生活的一面;基本上他們過著一種以狩獵為主的游牧生活,這種生活本身使他們的性格富於機動性、防衛性,這樣的性格在其製作的環形玉器上,真實地表現出來,一種緣刃、多變化的特色說明了這種防衛性和機動性,與南方的農耕文化所表現出的拘謹、安定的環形玉器之特色迥然不同。 |
英文摘要 | The subject of the present article, the so-called "ring-shaped jades," are jade objects which are flat, round, and have a hole drilled through the center; they include such type forms known as the pi [璧],huan [環], yuan [瑗], and tso [鐲]. The origin of the use of ring-shaped jades in China began very early, at approximately the end of the early Neolithic period (ca. 6000 B.C.), and the appearance of ring-shaped jades (with an opening on one side) in the northern ch'a-hai [查海] culture and southern Ho-mu-tu [河姆渡] culture indicate the source of such jades. The early development of northern and southern ring-shaped jades had already revealed several distinguishing characteristics of their appearance. The background for these distinctions lies in the geography and environment of the north and south, the different conceptions of existence and universe, and the life styles of the members in these cultures. The present article focuses on the development of ring-shaped jades, particularly those in the north (especially the Liao-hsi [遼西] area, which includes Liaoning [遼寧], Heilungkiang [黑龍江], and Inner Mongolia), as a means of further understanding some characteristics of northern neolithic culture. The 1990 excavation of the site at Fu-hsin ch'a-hai [阜新查海]and the 1992 excavation of the site at Hsing-lung-wa [興隆窪] unveiled the beginning of the study of northern ring-shaped jades. Excavated at Ch'a-hai, ring-shaped jades with an opening on one side were cut in such a way that their side view appears triangular with an angled body. This kind of ring-shaped jade with a knife-like edge later became the foundation for the northern ring-shaped jade type. The Hung-shan [紅山] culture (ca. 3500-3000 B.C.) followed the Ch'a-hai culture, and major advances were made in the development of the ring-shaped jade type. In the past 20 years or so, the features of the Hung-shan culture have become much clearer owing to the abundant finds at the excavation of Hung-shan culture sites. At the same time, the study of Hung-shan culture ring-shaped jades has also become even more concrete and clear. The ring-shaped jades which come from the Hung-shan cluture reveal two major characteristics: (1) knife edges; the production methods of knife-edged ring-shaped jades involved angling the inner and outer edges of the ring jade to form sharp with the center surface also sometimes indented, to form a side view approximating " ". (2) Variations of the ring-shaped jade type; in addition to flat huan with large holes and thick pi with small holes, variations of ring-shaped jades that have been excavated include double-pi, triple-pi, creature-masked edges, chueh, and hooked cloud-shaped objects. The enrgy and effort put into the production of ring-shaped jades in the Hung-shan culture testify to the affection and importance attached to them by the people who used them. The distinguishing characteristics found in the ring-shaped jades of the Hung-shan culture can also be found at the same time in the rign-shaped jades of the Ya-pu-li [亞布力] and T'u-erh-po-t'e [杜爾伯特] cultures of Heilungkiang. This phenomenon is evidence that substantiates the notion that ring-shaped jades of the Hung-shan culture undoubtedly are typical of the northern clasification of ring-shaped jades. The factors contributing to the evelopment of northern ring-shaped jades can be found among the jades of the Ta-wen-k'ou [ 大汶口 ] culture of Shantung [山東]. Extending form 4300 to 2400 B.C., Ta-wen-k'ou culture lasted for a long time and overlapped with the Hung-shan culture. In terms of geographic site, it also happened to exist along the boundary area of the northern and southern cultures. Thus, although the ring-shaped jades of the Ta-wen-k'ou culture exhibit some northern characteristics, such as a knife-edge on only the outer side forming a wedge, they nevertheless all express a kind of complex and mixed northern jade system. As a result, the author of the present article has taken the ring-shaped jades of this culture as the southernmost extension of the northern system. The excavation sites for the T'ao-ssu [陶寺] type Lung-shan [龍山] culture (ca. 2500 B.C.) are located in the southwestern part of shansi [山西], which is considered by many to be within the realm of the Hsia [夏] culture. The ring-shaped jades which have emerged from this culture retain the northern knife-edge characteristic and may be deduced as the fringe of the northern ring-shaped jades in the Lung-shan period. Furthermore, judging from the stratification of archaeological remains, the relationship between the T'ao-ssu type culutre and the northern Hung-shan culture is worthy of further detailed analysis. In conclusion, one can deduce that the features of the background of the spiritual and material life of northern prehistoric peoples are hidden in the ring-shaped jades. Basically, these people led a nomadic existence based primarily on hunting. The nomadic life style gave the personality of this culture a sense of mobility and defense. Scuh characteristics were truly expressed in the production of ring-shaped jades. The characteristics of the inife-edge and variations help to explain this kind of defense and mobility and differentiate the northern from the more restrained and stable ring-shaped jades of the southern agricultural cultures. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。