頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 「漢書」所載「循吏」之條件及政績析論=Criteria and Achievements of Shu-li |
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作 者 | 黃復山; | 書刊名 | 淡江大學中文學報 |
卷 期 | 4 1997.12[民86.12] |
頁 次 | 頁119-198 |
分類號 | 622.101 |
關鍵詞 | 循吏; 史漢; 考課; 因循; 循理; 條教; Shu li; Shih-han; Inspection; Convention; Reason; Moral teaching; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 《漢書》、《史記》都有「循吏傳」,但是深入分析《史》《漢》所述「循吏」的政績與人格後,明頗可見班、馬二人在硯念上,頗有差異。 《漢書》「循吏」一直都不是史學家所重視的主題,歷來研究漢代「循吏」的論文很少,即使述及,也語焉不詳,更將「類似循吏」雜入「循吏」中,使得班固的說法益形混淆。所以本諧文詳細蒐檢《漢書》及漢代相關的文成,深入分析班固載錄的循吏典型,與類似循吏,在條件與政績上有何差異。 歸納相關的論述,漢代「循吏」的條件,基本上應該是:(1)職位至少擔任過太守。(2)奉行朝廷政令,經常考察民風,並且據以改善缺失。(3)對待屬下寬柔,但是工作成果的要求明確,不容欺瞞造偽的行為。(4)視百姓如子,制定條教以德化為主。 在職務的實際執行上,則要做到:(1)改善人民經濟生活,注重農桑、水利。(2)公平處理人民的獄訟事件,期使民事紛爭消彌於無形。(3)改善人民的教育環境,並且以身作則,化育群黎,提高社會道德生活。 至於消極的條件,則不能有下列因素存在:(1)不與同僚鬥爭。(2)不任氣,也不與人鬥氣。(3)不過分嚴苛,以致遭人畏忌。(4)不因行為偏邪而受刑。(5)不因詭詐而遭凶死。(6)不誣告他人,不製造冤獄。(7)不嗜殺人(或根本不殺人)。(8)並非宗室、國戚。(9)非儒林、文學者流,無著作,不必注重有無學說思想。 依據這些具底的「條件說」,班固眼中的「循吏」精神,應該就更容易掌握清楚了。 |
英文摘要 | There are biographies of Shu-li in both Han shu and Shih chi. However, a careful analysis will reveal the difference indicated in these two books. Actually few historians have bothered to study Shu-li and thus this topic has long been neglected and remains to be explored. To make matters worse, wrong and contradictory ideas were put forward. This paper therefore aims to clear up the concept by a careful and thorough analysis of all the information provided in Ban ku's Han shu and related materials. Basic criteria for a Shu-li can be summed up as: 1) He has been appointed in the position at least of Tai shuo (governor). 2) He should faithfully implement the ordinance and laws and be willing to listen to the opinions and complaints of the people to make proper revision of the policy. 3) He should be kind to his subordinates but demands efficient performance. No forgery and lies are allowed. 4) He should be concerned with the welfare of the people and promote moral cultivation. The work to be actively carried out: 1) He should make great efforts to improve the livelihood of the people and promote farming and irrigation. 2) He should deliver justice and fairness to the lawsuits of the people to reduce conflicts and enmity. 3) He should be responsible for the improvement of the education and promote the cultivation of ethics and morality by setting himself as an example for the people to follow. The following is the situations to be avoided: 1) No rivalry with colleagues. 2) No indulgence nor quarrel with others. 3) No tyranny to arouse hatred. 4) No crime committed. 5) No trickery to be murdered. 6) No slander. 7) No inclination for capital punishment. 8) No seeking relations with the royal family. 9) No promotion of a particular principle or school of thought. According to these criteria, we might get a better picture of Shu-li in Ban ku's Han shu. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。