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題 名 | The Relationship between Directions and the Four Seasonal Points: A Study of the Equinoxes and Solstices in "Yao dian"=關於傳統禮儀上的方位與二分二至關聯性的硏究--以《尙書.堯典》篇为中心 |
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作 者 | 池賢珠; | 書刊名 | 儒教文化研究 |
卷 期 | 25 2016.02[民105.02] |
頁 次 | 頁29-54 |
分類號 | 092.81 |
關鍵詞 | 傳統儀禮上的方位; 堯典; 二分二至; 四方位; 羲氏和和氏觀測天文; 太陽運行週期; Directional scheme; Equinoxes and solstices; Four directions; Yao dian; Confucian rituals; The Xi and the He families; Sun's annual motion; Diurnal motion; Time and space; |
語 文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 本硏究通過《堯典》硏究分析了傳統禮儀上的方位與太陽運行週期的二分二至有關聯性。依據傳統時代天文觀測記錄的自然科學性的解釋的方法是一種將儒敎禮儀上的定方位的原理具體化的方法。 本文爲了證明《堯典》上的四方位與太陽運行週期的二分二至有關聯性,一一對應羲氏和和氏的職務與他們的居住地。羲仲在東邊改正春分的方位,羲叔在南邊改正ㅌ夏至的方位,和仲在西邊改正秋分的方位,和叔在北邊改正冬至的方位。結果,春分是太陽升起的正東邊,秋分是太陽落下的正西邊,由春分向夏至移動是指定高度上升的南邊,由秋分向冬至移動是指定高度下降的北邊。 《堯典》上的羲氏和和氏的職務和各自居住的空間符合包含他們姓氏和名字的意味的職位,主要是陰陽論上的解釋。二分二至即是節氣,又是指十二地支的子、午、卯、酉的四方位。這四方位是太陽運行週期循环性的排列,又是包含一年週期和空間變化的方位結構。 傳統禮儀上的方位體系是將北邊定爲最高位 (將北邊定爲首位 ),尤其周代以来的宗法是以其爲序列的原则。但是本硏究的的結果與此迥然不同。《堯典》上的南北是在根据太陽運行週期中的高度而定的方位上的,而且和天文圖或周代以来傳統禮儀上使用的定方位的看法又不同。由此可見,南北方位是夏至在天球上的上端,冬至在天球上的下端,南北方位可是以緯度的高和低爲觀測的升降方位體系。 從太陽的運行週期来看,二分和二至的定位是四方位體系,還呈現出雙重性的特徵。從《堯典》上了解到的定四方位是根据羲氏和和氏改正日中、宵中、日永、日短的時間長度和空間的高度而看的太陽運行過程。所以,堯王命令羲氏和和氏觀測天文和制定冊曆,與他们接到命令的地方有關。結果,《堯典》上的四方位是與太陽的年周運動中定下的二分二至有關聯性。 |
英文摘要 | This study examines the relationship between the equinoxes and solstices and the directional scheme in traditional ritual. For this purpose, the study focuses on “Yao dian” 堯典(Canon of Yao), with a view to understanding the principles of directional assignments in Confucian rituals from the perspective of natural science, aided by traditional records of astronomical observations. That the four directions in “Yao dian” are related to the equinoctial and solstitial points in the sun’s movement cycle is shown by the tasks and the places assigned to the Xi 羲and the He 和families. The key directions in “Yao dian” are due east and due west, the locations where the sun enters and exits the horizon on the spring and fall equinoxes; the south towards which the sun ascends as it moves from spring equinox to summer solstice; and the north towards which the sun descends as it moves from fall equinox to winter solstice. The tasks and the places assigned to the Xi and the He families also correlate with their family and given names, and yin-yang cosmology plays a key role in identifying these correlations. Moreover, the equinoxes and solstices marked both seasonal divisions (jieqi 節氣) in time and cardinal points in space, specifically the four directions corresponding to zi 子, wu 午, mao 卯, and you 酉among the 12 Earthly Branches (shier di zhi 十二地支). These directions were arranged in a circle reflecting the sun’s movement cycle, and constituted a directional framework that comprised yearly cyclical changes in both time and space. The directional scheme in traditional ritual regards the north as the topmost position, and the Clan Law (zongfa 宗法) from the Zhou dynasty onward took this as a basic principle of assignment in regard to the order of ranks. Accordingly, it places the summer solstice in the upper part of the celestial sphere, and the winter solstice in the lower part, and thus the positioning of the south and north directions accords with the sun’s declination at summer and winter solstices. The east and west directions pertaining to the spring and fall equinoxes, however, can also be related to its diurnal motion from east to west. Residing in these four directions, the Xi and the He families were tasked with correctly determining the equinox and solstice days by observing the lengths of day and night and the stars in the sky. Their celestial observations were crucial to establishing the annual calendar, which was an important part of the sage king’s government. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。