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| 題 名 | 1920~1930年代中國海道測量的本土化進程：以米祿司的作用為中心=The Localization of Hydrographic Surveying in China during the 1920s~1930s: The Role of S. V. Mills |
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| 作 者 | 陳禎祥; | 書刊名 | 海洋文化學刊 |
| 卷 期 | 39 2025.12[民114.12] |
| 頁 次 | 頁115-155 |
| 分類號 | 440.9 |
| 關鍵詞 | 米祿司; 海軍; 海道測量; 大地測量; 長江水道圖經緯標準點; Stanley Vandeleur Mills; S. V. Mills; Chinese navy; Hydrography; Geodetic survey; Yangtze River geodetic datum; |
| 語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
| 中文摘要 | 1921 年海道測量局成立，海軍聘請英籍海關副巡工司（Deputy Coast Inspector） 米祿司（S. V. Mills）為技術主任，掌理測繪事務，訓練軍官使之熟習測量、製圖 要訣，1929 年完成長江江陰至漢口段水道圖。自該年開始，米祿司協助海道測量 局收回海關淞澄測務，歷兩年事成，自此中國測量業務不再由徵稅機關代管，將 行政體制合理化。米祿司因應海測局日後局務擴張，1930 年說服海軍擴充該局組 織，增設推算、潮汛兩課，重視測量數據核算，從而精確海圖座標方位、周詳水 深。該局編制也從此成形，直至 1969 年方才變更。米祿司指導海測局後，促成中 國測量自主、本土化，解決外國測製海圖未能時常更新，海關洋員野外測量範圍 有限等問題，著手「大地測量」降低座標系統誤差，1930 年代以徐家匯觀象臺為 經緯標準點，校正長江水道圖經緯度。此外，米祿司為英籍海關職員，海關製圖 技術屬於英國體系，海測局師承米祿司，從而使中國繪製海圖具備英版海圖特色。 |
| 英文摘要 | The Chinese Navy Hydrographic Department （海軍海道測量局）was established in 1921, when the navy appointed S. V. Mills（米祿司）, a British Deputy Coast Inspector （副巡工司）in the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, as Technical Director in charge of hydrographic surveying and charting. Mills oversaw surveying operations and trained naval officers, enabling them to acquire professional competence in hydrography and cartography. In 1929, the Department completed hydrographic charts of the Yangtze River between Jiangyin（江陰） and Hankou（漢口）. That same year, Mills begang assisting the Navy Hydrographic Department in reclaiming responsibility for surveying the Wusong–Jiangyin （吳淞至江陰）section of the Yangtze River, a task that had previously been conducted by the Customs Service. After two years of negotiation and preparation, the transfer was completed. This ended a system in which China’s hydrographic work was administered by a taxation authority and professionalizing the administrative structure of maritime surveying. To accommodate the Hydrographic Department’s expanding responsibilities, Mills persuaded the navy in 1930 to reorganize and enlarge the Department by establishing new divisions for computation and tidal observations. This restructuring prioritized the rigorous data verification and calculation, thereby improving the accuracy of chart coordinates and soundings. The resulting organizational structure remained largely unchanged until 1969. Under Mills’s guidance, the Navy Hydrographic Department advanced China’s autonomy and localization in hydrographic surveying. This addressed long-standing problems, including outdated foreign-produced charts and limited fieldwork capacity of foreign Customs personnel. The Department also initiated geodetic surveys to minimize errors in coordinate systems; during the 1930s, the Zikawei Observatory（徐家匯觀象臺） served as the primary reference point for latitude and longitude, facilitating the systematic correction of the coordinates used in Yangtze River charts. As a British Customs officer trained within the British cartographic tradition, Mills introduced British hydrographic techniques to the Chinese Navy. Consequently, nautical charts produced by the Hydrographic Department bore the hallmarks of British charts. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。