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| 題 名 | 「在海言海」--明代《使琉球錄》中對「神」之思考=Situated Discourse at Sea--Contemplations on the Divine in the Ming Dynasty Records of Missions to Ryukyu |
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| 作 者 | 郭寶文; | 書刊名 | 海洋文化學刊 |
| 卷 期 | 39 2025.12[民114.12] |
| 頁 次 | 頁1-18 |
| 分類號 | 731.7885 |
| 關鍵詞 | 明代; 使琉球錄; 海洋; 神; 日常與非常; Ming Dynasty; Records of Missions to Ryukyu; Sea; Maritime; Deities; Quotidian and extraordinary; |
| 語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
| 中文摘要 | 本文以明代《使琉球錄》為文本,探討了明代琉球冊封使在海上遭遇危難時, 對「神」的思考變化。又可分為兩個階段:第一階段為陳侃、高澄、郭汝霖三人, 原本謹守孔子「不語怪力亂神」、「敬而遠之」的原則,然而在經歷海上九死一生 的險境後,對海神天妃的靈驗深信不疑。不過三人雖讚嘆神威,但仍將神蹟歸功 於皇帝的德政,且對「日常—不在海」與「非常—在海上」對待神明的態度差異, 未能提出更深入的解釋。第二階段則以蕭崇業和夏子陽二人為代表,增加了以「人 心之神」連結「海上之神」的重要性。蕭崇業引用《中庸》「體物而不遺」之言尊 崇天妃,認為鬼神之德本就遍及萬物,聖人不多言神明是怕人以邪佞之心褻瀆。 並強調人須誠心誠意、凝心聚神才能與神明相通,獲得庇佑,這為海神信仰提供 經典依據和內在修養基礎,也就人對神明在「日常」和「非常」的態度為何有落 差加以解釋。夏子陽接續蕭崇業對「人心之神」的探討,更提出「在海言海」的 思維,倡言神明本就無所不在,但在海上最為靈驗,是因為人在海上這「非常」 的場域,捨棄日常雜念和軀殼牽絆,故人心之神特別專注、純一,得以與海上之 神契應相通,消災致福。《使琉球錄》中對神的思考,也展現了明代琉球冊封使對於傳統經典與個人生命體驗,重新理解和詮釋的海洋思維。 |
| 英文摘要 | This article analyzes the three existing versions of the Ming Dynasty Records of Missions to Ryukyu to explore the intellectual shift and philosophical significance of the Ming investiture envoys to Ryukyu contemplations on the Divine when facing peril at sea. This shift unfolded in two phases. The first phase comprises three envoys, Chen Kan, Gao Cheng, and Guo Rulin, who initially adhered to the Confucian principle of "not discussing extraordinary things, feats of strength, disorder, and spiritual beings" and maintained an attitude of "respecting the spiritual beings while keeping aloof from them". However, after experiencing near-fatal maritime crises, they became deeply convinced of the efficacy of the sea goddess Tianfei. Yet, while praising the divine might, these envoys still attributed the miracles to the Emperor's virtuous governance and did not offer a deeper explanation or reconciliation for the discrepancy in their attitudes towards the divine between the quotidian circumstances on land and the extraordinary situation at sea. The second phase is exemplified by Xiao Chongye and Xia Ziyang. Xiao Chongye invoked the Confucian classic The Doctrine of the Mean, citing the idea that the power of spiritual beings “enter into all things, and there is nothing without them” as justification for the veneration of Tianfei. He argued that the Sages spoke little of the divine to prevent people corruptly approaching the spirits with unrighteous intentions; further emphasizing that only through sincerity and spiritual focus could one connect with the divine and obtain protection. This provided a canonical foundation and an inner cultivation basis for the sea goddess worship, thereby bridging the gap between quotidian and extraordinary attitudes toward the divine. Building upon Xiao Chongye’s exploration of “the divinity within the human mind”, Xia Ziyang further advanced the crucial concept of "speaking of the sea while at the sea", namely the situated discourse dictated by direct maritime experience. He maintained that while the divine is omnipresent, its power is most evident at sea because in this "extraordinary" realm, individuals shed daily distractions and bodily attachments, enabling their spirit to become exceptionally focused and pure, thus resonating with the maritime deities to avert disaster and secure fortune. This new conceptual framework, which integrates the terrestrial with the maritime, not only explains the shifting attitudes toward the divine in different settings but also reveals a distinctive maritime consciousness among Ming investiture envoys, formed through their reinterpretation of traditional classics in light of lived experience during the mid-to-late Ming period. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。