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題名 | 唐通事的世襲傳承與職業語言=The Hereditary Line of Succession and Professional Language of the Tang-tong-shi |
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作者姓名(中文) | 林慶勳; | 書刊名 | 應華學報 |
卷期 | 21 2019.12[民108.12] |
頁次 | 頁1-61 |
分類號 | 802 |
關鍵詞 | 唐通事; 唐話; 唐館; 唐船貿易; 通事書; Tang-tong-shi; Tang-hua; Tang-guan; Trading of tang-chuan; Tong-shi shu; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 唐通事這項職務,在長崎實施了260多年(1604-1867),幾乎等同於德川幕府建立的江户時代的起迄,由此可見鎖國時期的江户幕府,對當時全國唯一對外開放的貿易港口-長崎的重視程度。唐通事職位的任用,絶大多數由移民而來的唐人及其後代所壟斷與繼承。唐通事的職掌相當繁瑣,包括翻譯、貿易、外交、秩序維持等,凡是與唐船來航有關的事務無不承攬。因爲工作上主要是接觸唐人,在唐通事養成教育階段,對「唐話」的學習被列爲首要基礎。長崎從十六世紀末開始,已是日本全國唐人聚居的港口,該地的唐人都是依靠唐船來航的持續貿易而營生,當初從唐山來航的唐人,可以自由在長崎街坊暫住生活,直到結束貿易唐船回航。1689年之後,來航唐人被限制居住在唐館之中生活,長崎街市的唐人活動逐漸趨於冷清,這些變化都帶動影響唐通事的工作及唐話的學習。本文主要從唐通事的世襲制度,以及職業使用的「唐話」兩個面向討論。首先以穎川家的唐通事爲例,説明唐通事世系傳承的狀況;其次,介紹居住長崎唐人的實際營生情形,包括與來航唐人如何互動等問題;對於就任唐通事者,學習哪些應用的唐話,並探討唐話中南京話、漳州話、福州話各種消長的原因。以上各問題的論述,本文儘量引述唐話學習教材「通事書」的内容做佐證説明。 |
英文摘要 | The position of the Tang-tong-shi proceeded for more than 260 years (1604-1867) in Nagasaki. The period was almost as long as the period of Edo jidai, which was founded by Tokugawa Bakufu. During the Sakoku (i.e. closed country) period, the long existence of Tang-tong-shi shows the importance of Nagasaki, which was the only treaty port in Japan, to Tokugawa Bakufu. The positions of Tang-tong-shi were monopolized by migrant Tang-zhen (people of Chinese) and their descendants. Tang-tong-shi needed to be responsible for affairs relating to Tang-chuan, which are trading ships from China, including translation, commerce, diplomacy or order-maintaining. Since the majority affairs involve communicating with Tang-zhen, learning Tang-hua (languages of Chinese) was accounted for the primary foundation while training Tang-tong-shi. Tang-zhen in Japan settled in Nagasaki from the end of the 16th century. They lived on trading by Tang-chuan. At the beginning, Tang-zhen coming from Tangshan (a Chinese province) could temporarily stay in Nagasaki until finishing their trading. However, since 1689, their residence was restricted to Tang-guan (houses of Chinese). The restriction decreased the activities of Tang-zhen and further influenced the job of Tang-tong-shi and the education of learning Tang-hua. This study discusses the hereditary line of succession of Tang-tong-shi and their professional language, Tang-hua. This paper first illustrates the hereditary line of succession with the example of Tang-tong-shi in Ying-chuan jia (house of Ying-chuan). The second section represents the actual life of Tang-zhen in Nagasaki, including their interaction with Tang-zhen coming from abroad. Also, the study introduces the applied Tang-hua that incumbent Tang-tong-shi needed to learn; on the other hand, the reasons for growth and decline of Nan-jing hua (language of Nanjing), Zhang-zhou hua (language of Zhangzhou) and Fu-zhou hua (language of Fujian) in Tang-hua would be investigated. The content from the Tong-shi Shu, which is a Tang-hua learning material, would be quoted to the greatest extent as for the discussion of the above issues. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。