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題 名 | 「郡縣同構」與「令出多門」--包山簡所見戰國楚國郡縣制=Commandaries and Counties in Baoshan Chu Bamboo Manuscripts during Warring States Period |
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作 者 | 游逸飛; | 書刊名 | 興大歷史學報 |
卷 期 | 31 2016.12[民105.12] |
頁 次 | 頁1-24 |
分類號 | 621.8 |
關鍵詞 | 包山楚簡; 郡縣制; 地方分權; 中央集權; 貴族制; Baoshan Chu bamboo manuscripts; Commandaries and counties; Separation of powers of local government; Concentration of power of central government; Aristocracy; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 學界過去認為包山楚簡裡缺乏郡的跡象,本文在前人的基礎上,細密分析包山楚簡所見行政機制與層級,從中找出、確認了宛、新城、唐、新都等郡的存在。學者認為包山簡所見戰國楚郡長官由縣公兼任,郡不一定另外設置專門的官吏管理郡務,可見楚之郡制脫胎於縣制,但尚未從縣制中獨立出來,處於過渡階段。本文進而研究包山簡所見楚縣,指出楚縣首長(縣公)不能干預所有行政事務,在地方上未能擁有最高、絕對的權力;地方司法、財政等事務由司敗(罰)、司馬等專業官僚負責,楚國中央政府各部門的長官如左尹、左司馬等,可以直接責成司敗(罰)、司馬等地方專業官僚,中央與地方的行政關係近似於一張張分門別類的專業官僚網絡的套疊,在一定程度上制衡了地方首長的權力。整體而言,楚縣的公、司馬、司敗(罰)、大夫等官爵稱謂,司馬、司敗(罰)的獨立權力以及爵位的行政職能,在在揭示楚國地方政制深受周制影響,帶有一定的貴族色彩。因此戰國楚國郡縣制的令出多門,而非政歸於一的特色,可能是楚國各大貴族相互傾扎下的產物。地方政府的分權制衡,不一定反映中央政府集中權力,中央政府的分權制衡可能更為強烈。 |
英文摘要 | Scholars didn't find commandaries in Baoshan Chu Bamboo Manuscripts. This article analyzes administrative system and level, find some commandaries, such as Wan, Tang and Xindu. Commandary governors in Chu state also served county governors. Maybe there were no commandary officials who handle administrative matters. Commandary institution in Chu state was developed from county institution, and it had not been independent from the county institution, it was in the transition period. County governors(Gong) in Chu state couldn't involve in all administrative matters, they didn't have supreme and absolute power in local government. In local government, Sibai handled judicial matters, Sima handled financial matters. Central governors in Chu state, such as Zuoyin and Zuosima, could directly control Sibai and Sima in local government. Administrative relationship between central and local governments was similar to overlap many different types of specialized bureaucratic network, it may constraint the power of the local governors. □-daifu was not the county governor, it was a noble title, but had administrative function. To sum up, official title of county, such as Gong, Sima, Sibai and □-daifu, independent power of Sima and Sibai, administrative function of noble title, These phenomena show the local government in Chu state was deeply influenced by the lordship tradition of Zhou institution, it was noble. So the multi- policymakers of commandaries and counties in Chu state during warring states period were influenced by various aristocracy who compete each other. Separation of powers of local government was not necessarily equal to concentration of power of central government. Maybe separation of powers of the central government was more intense. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。