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| 題 名 | 道教與性別--二十世紀中葉後歐美重要研究評述=Daoism and Gender: A Review of American and European Studies from the Mid-Twentieth Century to the Present |
|---|---|
| 作 者 | 林欣儀; | 書刊名 | 新史學 |
| 卷 期 | 26:2 2015.06[民104.06] |
| 頁 次 | 頁191-242 |
| 分類號 | 230 |
| 關鍵詞 | 道教與性別; 道教與身體; 女神仙真; 女道; 女丹; Daoism and gender; Daoism and body; Female deities and transcendents; Female practitioners; Female inner alchemy; |
| 語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
| 中文摘要 | 本文回顧五十多年來歐美學界道教與性別研究,兼及部分民間宗教,以三大類主題「女性神祇與仙真」、「道教、民間宗教與身體」、「女性修道者、組織、儀式和法脈傳承」為經,研究方法和問題意識之演變為緯,反思其發展。大致來說,在研究主題方面,女神、仙真、知名女道和創教者的探討,自始至今皆為大宗。此外,經典中以陰為尚的理想與現實中女性修道者的關係,乃至身體觀、房中術、血污禁忌和女丹修鍊等課題亦備受關注。近年來,宗教組織、儀式和法脈傳承中的女性,逐漸蔚為一股重要的研究方向。在方法和問題意識上,學者廣泛結合經典、田野調查、史籍、詩文、小說、碑銘、方志、書信等多重材料,試圖從神聖化的女神傳說和女仙傳記中探求女性修道者的生活樣貌及其蘊有的性別意涵。1990年代後,學者對於宗教與性別之關係有更明確的反思。許多學者傾向以宗教為一對話或交流平台,信仰、經典和象徵內容未必僅具單一詮釋,信徒亦非被動接受教義灌輸,而是在各種具體實踐、教義闡釋、傳說演繹、神話創造的過程中帶入當下處境,反映自身觀點,從而反向影響宗教的發展。女性信徒與修道者不僅從中獲取救濟,更直接或間接經此管道發聲、展現其因應策略。 |
| 英文摘要 | This review article introduces some representative studies from America and Europe over the past sixty years on Daoism and gender, including some work on popular religion. It is composed of three major topics: "female deities and transcendents"; "Daoism, popular religion, and the body"; and "female followers, religious institutions, and rituals and lineages." In my discussion of each topic, I reflect on the methodologies and theoretical approaches adopted by these studies and indicate the research trends developed during the past few decades. Overall, in terms of research topics, studies of female deities, transcendents, and sectarian founders have been the foci of the field. Topics related to gendered body concepts in Daoism and popular religion are also of interest to Western scholars. They explore issues such as the gap between the doctrinal superiority of femininty and real female Daoists' situations in history, sexual arts and female desire, reproductive taboos, and female inner alchemy. Recently, investigation on women in religious institutions, rituals, and lineages has gradually become prominent. In terms of theory and methods, scholars have been utilizing a wide range of materials from multiple areas in addition to canons so as to uncover the history and lives of female transcendents behind the mythology of hagiography. They also delve into various gender issues embedded in these accounts. From the 1990s onward, research in this realm shows more and more distinct consciousness of using gender as an analytical category. Chinese religion now tends to be seen as an arena where different discourses, conflict, and negotiation intersect and whose contents are shaped together by religious professionals and followers. Corresponding to this view, Daoism and popular religion are also perceived as a channel through which women may find their own voices and reactions by participating in religious practices and through the process of recounting and reinterpreting doctrines, myths, symbols, and legends of female deities. Unlike previous scholarship before the 1990s which tends to regard religion as a rigid social structure imposing existent gender norms on women, recent studies demonstrate that Daoism and popular religion in China may equip women with various views and abundant resources to challenge their disadvantageous conditions in their real lives. Even the religions themselves may have been molded by women in accordance with their interests and concerns. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。