頁籤選單縮合
題名 | 從和戎到拓邊--北宋中期對外政策的轉折=From Diplomatic Pacification to Territorial Expansion: Foreign Policy in the Middle Period of Northern Song |
---|---|
作者姓名(中文) | 方震華; | 書刊名 | 新史學 |
卷期 | 24:2 2013.06[民102.06] |
頁次 | 頁35-69 |
分類號 | 625.1 |
關鍵詞 | 宋神宗; 拓邊; 主戰; 對外政策; 范仲淹; 韓琦; Territorial expansion; Song Shenzong; Bellicosity; Foreign policy; Fan Zhongyan; Han Qi; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 北宋在真宗簽訂澶淵之盟後,防禦與和議成為處理對外關係的主軸。到了神宗時代,對外政策產生明顯轉變,宋軍發動一連串的拓邊戰爭。神宗身故後軍事行動雖告停止,但隨後又由哲、徽兩帝持續推動。本文分析真宗至神宗時期宋代文士的言論和著作,指出此一轉變是文官群經過長期的蘊釀的結果。主要的原因在於,澶淵之盟所帶來的承平,並未使士人放棄追求邊功、恢復故土的理想,西夏的入侵又顯示和戎政策的失敗。儘管宋、夏在慶曆年間重新達成和議,范仲淹和同道仍以「復漢唐舊土」為由,提倡拓境的計畫,加上士人研習兵學的風氣持續,都為主戰意見的發展提供動力。隨著仁、英兩朝西部與南部邊境持續的軍事衝突,官員陸續提出進擊西夏和交趾的主張,終因神宗的支持而得以落實。神宗朝的主戰官員不僅在策略上承襲仁宗時期以來的主張,也同樣以恢復故土來合理化自己的訴求,顯示漢、唐的典範對於北宋外交政策與政治論述產生了重大的影響,也是吸引士人投入軍旅之事的重要動力。 |
英文摘要 | Modern historians have paid much attention to the fact that the Song court reached peaceful agreements with their two primary rival regimes- the Khitan and the Tangut. They generally argue that the main factor producing this result was the anti-military inclination of Song civil officials. This historical explanation coincides with a traditional concept that the Song dynasty was a monarchy that fostered the civil side of government over the military. After Emperor Shenzong inherited the throne in 1067, however, the situation significantly changed. Adopting aggressive policies, Shenzong launched a series of expeditions to the western and southern frontiers. Although the death of Shenzong temporarily stopped military actions, Emperor Zhezong renewed war against the Tangut after he effectively controlled the court, and his successor Emperor Huizong continued this aggressive policy. Military expeditions inspired huge debates in the court, and became an important factor influencing political developments. This article focuses on the factors causing the Song leaders to adopt aggressive policies through analyzing the writings of literati. Although living in relatively peaceful conditions, some literati in the early Renzong period were alarmed over the potential crisis in the frontiers. Later, the Tangut war (1038-1044) further caused civil elites to engage in military learning and army command. To solve the military threat, certain leading bureaucrats, such as Fan Zhongyan and Han Qi, sought to recapture the previous territories of the Han and Tang dynasties, which later justified the expansion policy. In the Renzong and Yingzong periods, some officials continued to submit proposals to conquer the Tangut and Vietnam, but these failed to be approved by the court. The ascent of Emperor Shenzong in 1067 eventually provided the support which bellicose officials needed, and started a series of military actions. Thus, the interest of civil officials in military expansion was a crucial factor producing the change of foreign policy in the late Northern Song. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。