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題名 | International Comparisons of Economic and Social Development: Could HDI Serves as a True Level of Economic Development=經濟和社會發展的國際性比較:以GNI暨HDI作為評估各國經濟真實發展水準指標評議 |
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作者姓名(中文) | 王瑞榮; 楊國樑; | 書刊名 | 樹德科技大學學報 |
卷期 | 15:2 2013.07[民102.07] |
頁次 | 頁131-151 |
分類號 | 553.6 |
關鍵詞 | 經濟發展; 人均國民生產毛額; 人類發展指數; Economic development; Gross National Product Per Capita; Purchasing Power Parity (international dollars); Human Development Index; |
語文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 在經濟發展的研究領域中,最具有挑戰性之一,是如何評估個別國家的水準。與其相關的挑戰則是提供一種量化的評量,以致展現一國經濟發展進步的真正水準,和其在國際舞臺上的相對經濟地位;而此種評量方能確定該國在經濟、人口和社會文化面向的真實本質。在過去諸多已提出或曾使用過量化一國發展的評量指標中,「人均國民生產毛額(GNI)」與「人類發展指數(HDI)」是其中兩種最受歡迎的方法,可用以解決此種依據不同發展階段分類下,國與國之間比較性的變化或進展。本研究旨在檢驗並比較以上兩種方法,以確定何者可作為評估各國經濟發展真實水準的指標。結果顯示,當兩種指標施用在比較全世界不同國家時,國與國間依據發展程度的不同,其差異至為顯著,表示兩者都無法全然作為滿足所有面向的唯一指標;而此項對於經濟成長和人類發展的分析,也顯現不同國家會將其經濟能力轉化為不同的社會福利水準。例如某些國家雖然國民所得相異,卻能達到近似的人類發展水準,顯現經濟成長和人類發展進步之間的連接並非自然可蹴,甚而在相當普通的所得水準下,依舊可能達成顯著的人類發展進步。當根據HDI進行排序時,有些國家在以人類發展之排序,較其相對以經濟發展之排序順位提升,表明這些國家可經由所得的分配平均,將經濟成長的益處用以增進人民福祉;而HDI和GNI在排序之差異性比較,清楚地展現出東南亞地區的國家在分配經濟成長的果實上,較阿拉伯地區的國家更加為均衡。 |
英文摘要 | One of the most interesting challenges in the field of economic development is how to assess the level of development attained by individual countries. An associated challenge is to provide a quantitative measure that characterizes a country’s true level of development progress and its relative economic status in the international arena. Based on such a measure, the precise nature of the economic, demographic, and sociocultural dimensions of the development problems could be determined. Among the many quantitative measures of development that been proposed or used, two of the most popular methods, that attempt to deal with the problems of assessment of such comparative changes or progress among countries via the classification of development stages are Gross National Product per capita and Human Development Index.The purpose of this study is to examine and compare both methods in order to determine which method could be served as an accurate assessment on the true level of development progress. When the two measures are compared for countries in the world, there appears to be significant variations in development among countries classified as developing. This suggests that none of the indicators of development fully incorporate all the dimensions of development require to assess the true level of development progress. The analysis of economic growth and human development suggests that different countries have translated their economic capacity into very different levels of well-being. Some countries have achieved approximately the same level of human development with diverse incomes. The link between economic growth and progress in human development is not automatic; in addition, significant human progress is possible even at fairly modest levels of income. When ranked according to Human Development Index, the rankings of all countries in the transition economy group in comparisons to rankings by income have improved. This indicates that these countries have made significant progress in human development by distributed the benefits of economic growth to enhance the lives of their people. The differences between Human Development Index and Gross National Income per capita ranks shows clearly that countries in the Southeast Asia region have made considerable efforts in distributing the benefits of economic growth more equitably than countries in the Arab States region. |
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