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題名 | 國際海上勞動公約對我國勞動法制之衝擊=The Impact of Taiwan's Labor Law from International Marine Labor Convention |
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作者 | 蕭仰歸; 李文良; | 書刊名 | 臺灣國際法季刊 |
卷期 | 9:1 2012.03[民101.03] |
頁次 | 頁167-228 |
分類號 | 556.84 |
關鍵詞 | 勞動法; 海上勞動; 港口國檢查; 岸上申訴; 勞動人權; Labour Law; Marine labour; Port state control; Onshore compliant procedures; Labour human rights; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 自1919年國際勞工組織成立以來,對海上勞動之立法即無間斷過,而其立法類型一直以商船船員為主、漁船船員為輔。目前有相關海上勞動公約及建議書,商船船員部分共72號,其中公約有41號、建議書有30號、議定書1號;漁船船員共有7號,其中公約5號、建議書2號;而立法的特點皆以單一之勞動條件為立法之方式,一直未有統一而完整之海上勞動法典。直到2006年通過C186《海事勞工公約(Maritime Labour Convention)》,才有商船船員之統一勞動法典,不但在內容上有系統的規範商船船員之權利,同時亦制定有效執行、落實公約的規則、規章及標準,並修正一些相關公約及建議書,建立第一部統一的商船船員勞動法典;受其影響,繼之而起的是2007年C188《捕魚工作公約(Work in Fishing Convention)》,雖然它以海事公約為藍本,理應比該公約更詳盡及可行,但因國際社會長期忽視漁船船員的勞動條件,以致未能如海事公約般完美,但不管如何,《捕魚工作公約》,也是第一部漁船船員統一的國際海上勞動法典。前述的海上勞動公約不但創造出海上獨有的法定勞動條件,如住宿、膳食、船上勞工編制、體能檢查等,而公約中亦納入勞動者的基本人權規定,同時為要求會員國確實履行公約之規定,亦首創港口國檢查制度及岸上申訴制度,可謂相當進步,惟因簽署國家未達法定數額而尚未實施。對國際海上勞動立法之變革,就我國勞動法制而言,衝擊甚大,尤其是所創法定勞動條件,為我國相關勞動法所無,而勞動人權的入約,其他會員國勢必要加以納入其國內法,而港口國檢查制度及岸上申訴,將刺激我國海上勞動法制作徹底改變;又授權或核發〈海事勞工證書〉及〈海事勞工符合聲明〉,我國如何使之有國際效力?恐不但事涉勞動法,亦影響到國際外交承認及條約法,我國不可不謹慎面對。《捕魚工作公約》要付諸實施,尚需時日,惟我國應及早因應,其中包括立法修正或制定新法,本文亦將以變動最小之方式,如在勞基法或船員法增定漁工專章或將海上勞動訂定專章,以求解決。國際認證應及早與國際勞工組織或海事組織進行協商,至於海上勞動檢查之執法則應配合海巡單位,以委託或法律協商助之方式補強之。總之,為因應21世紀海上勞動公約之實施,我國政府部門應全力配合,方能符合國際社會之要求。 |
英文摘要 | Since the International Labour Organization was founded in 1919, its effort to legislate the Maritime Labour has never stopped, but its legislation continues to focus primarily on the merchant seafarers and secondarily on fishing boat seafarers. Until the 2006, The Conventions and Recommendations for merchant seafarers included 41 Conventions, 30 Recommendations and 1 Protocols for a total of 72. In contrast to the fishing boat seafarers 5 Conventions and 2 Recommendations for a total of 7. The legislation on maritime labour began with the one characteristic of working conditions and was not a uniform and complete maritime Labor Code. In 2006, the ”Maritime Labour Convention” founded the first unified international maritime labour code for the merchant seafarers that not only has organizational rights of the merchant seafarers in its content but also requires effective implementation of the Convention's rules, regulations and standards, and revises some of the previous relevant conventions and recommendations. In 2007, The ”Work in Fishing Convention” founded the first unified international maritime labour code for fishing boat seafarers. Although it is modeled after the Maritime labour Convention of 2006 and the international community has long neglected the working conditions of fishing boat seafarers, this convention will not be perfect but should be more detailed and feasible than previous conventions.The above mentioned Maritime Labour Convention not only creates the legal working conditions such as accommodation, meals, boat worker manning, physical abilities examination and so on, but also includes the workers' basic human rights provisions, that Member States must fulfill all its conventions requirements and also the first port state control and onshore complaint procedures system, it's quite progressive. The convention has not been implemented because the signing countries are below the legal amount to ratify the convention. While the international maritime labour legislation of the changes. In the labour law of Taiwan, the impact is very large, especially created by the legal working conditions for Taiwan related labour law without, and labour rights into the contract, the other Member States is bound to be incorporated into its domestic law, and port state control systems and onshore complaint, stimulate the country's marine labour law system as a completely changed; also authorized or issued ”Maritime Labor Certificate” and ”declaration of Maritime Labour Compliance”, on how effective the international? Fear not only the case involving labour law, has an impact on international diplomacy and treaty law, we must be prudent to face!Although to put the ”Working in fishing convention” into action, still takes time, therefore we should act early in accordance, including revise the current legislation or make new legislation. This article will also make suggestions to minimizes the change on current labour law by add in additional fisherman labour badges or creates an exclusive chapter for maritime labour in order to resolve this issue. The international labour organization or maritime labour organization regards to legislate maritime labour inspections and coordinate the appropriate Coast Guard Administration, entrusts the legal consultation law. In brief, in accordance to reinforcement of the 21st century Maritime labour law for the implementation of its policy; our government should fully cooperate with all the international Maritime Labour Convention legislation, as it required by the international society. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。