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題 名 | 重塑形象之爭--1923年設置黑人姆媽紀念雕像提議案之研究=We Should be Respected: A Case Study of the Black Mammy Monument of 1923 |
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作 者 | 黃文齡; | 書刊名 | 新史學 |
卷 期 | 22:2 2011.06[民100.06] |
頁 次 | 頁55-100 |
分類號 | 546.5 |
關鍵詞 | 黑人姆媽; 黑人女性全國聯盟; 邦聯之女聯合會; Black Mammy; National Association of Colored Women; United Daughters of the Confederacy; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 西元1923年,威廉斯參議員(John Williams of Mississippi)根據「邦聯之女聯合會」(United Daughters of the Confederacy)的建議,向國會提出一項議案,希望在首府華盛頓豎立一個雕像,藉以紀念忠心耿耿的黑人姆媽(Black Mammy)對於南方的貢獻。這項建議案並未通過;而黑人社會面對這個提議案也持反對立場。何以南方白人社會雖願為黑人姆媽立碑紀念,卻反而招致黑人社會反對?本文以重塑形象為討論主軸,在歷史、種族與性別的框架中,從黑人社會的角度,探討黑人社會反對的理由。本文認為:黑人姆媽雕像對黑人社會而言,是具有多重意義的。1920年代是黑人開始重建信心,展現自我特質的年代;但黑人姆媽雕像卻抵銷所有努力。筆者以為:就種族而言,白人用黑人姆媽傳遞南方莊園和諧生活的印象,為南方白人在內戰中的行為除罪化,並合理化奴隸制度在南方社會的存在價值;但黑人社會絕對不允許白人利用黑人姆媽雕像掩飾種族欺壓的謊言,否定他們在美國內戰中的地位。對性別而言,黑人姆媽嚴重損及黑人男性努力形塑的新黑人形象,也加深世人對於黑人女性母職角色的誤解。就社會階級而言,中產階級黑人女性也不願意世人透過黑人姆媽來界定她們,以免有損她們提昇自我形象的努力。 |
英文摘要 | When Senator John Williams of Mississippi proposed a bill to Congress requesting a site to erect a monument in memory of the faithful Black Mammies of the South, African Americans were angered. The "Black Mammy" represented the notion of the faithful slave in Southern society. It conveyed the myth of the happy plantation, and neglected all the oppression that African Americans actually faced.. If the monument were erected, it would promote the Southernview of the Civil War as a defense of their culture, homes, and women rather than slavery. In this case, the African American view of the history of the Civil War would be lost. Furthermore, the Black Mommy monument represented to the public images that Black women played in domesticity and womanhood. They were servants in the masters' houses and took care of the masters' children even at the expense of their own children. It followed that Black women did not meet Victorian standards of womanhood, and should not be respected. Conversely, the New Negro male should not be respected either. He was not the economic support of his families. For elite Black women, endeavors to uplift themselves would be in vain once the statue was erected. The Black communities opposed not the monument itself, but all the messages it implied. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。