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題 名 | 美國風險法規之作用與其司法審查案件之分析=Functionality of US Risk Regulations and Analysis on Their Relevant Judicial Precedents |
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作 者 | 蔡瑄庭; | 書刊名 | 國立中正大學法學集刊 |
卷 期 | 27 2009.11[民98.11] |
頁 次 | 頁71-128 |
分類號 | 445.9 |
關鍵詞 | 風險法規; 風險; 成本效益分析; 比較風險分析; 司法審查; 風險管理; 風險評估; 國會授權原則; 環境法與政策; 毒性化學物質控制法; Risk; Risk regulation; Cost-and-benefit analysis; Comparative risk analysis; Judicial review; Risk management; Risk assessment; Delegation doctrine; Environmental law and policy; Toxic substances control act; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 運用風險管理與風險評估結果於美國行政決策,行之有年。以美國環保行政為例,美國環保署署長,於 1984 年發佈行政命令,將「風險評估與風險管理」納入美國環保署主要決策計畫中。繼而於 1987 年美國行政機關報告中,宣示環保署應以減少各式環境風險為其基本要務。此外於 1980 年代中期開始,美國食品及藥物署(FDA)、勞工部之職工安全與健康協會(OSHA)以及環保署(EPA)等聯邦機構陸續將風險評估結論作為法規制訂之立法事實。學者研究發現,1980 年代末期以風險為基礎之決策方式已成為美國環境政策建構制訂與執行之焦點。此外,運用風險評估方法之法院判決紛紛出爐,亦引發各界討論。例如,UAW v. Occupational Safety & Health Administration 、Martin v. OSHRC 、Corrosion Proof Fittings v. Environmental Protection Agency 等案中,法院運用量化風險評估(quantitative risk assessment,QRA)概念與方法學以審查環境法規或職工安全法規之管制正當性,成為經典之風險法規司法審查案例,而廣受討論。時值我國大量建置風險規範之際,美國行政決策與立法過程之經驗、法院判決對於風險規範之審查基準、承審法官對風險規範之法律評價與論理過程,足供我國各界參酌。因此為文介紹之,盼拋磚引玉,以周全我國風險規範之建置。 |
英文摘要 | For many years, U.S. government applies the outcome of risk management and risk assessment to its administrative decision-making. In 1984, the administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William Ruckelshaus, officially endorsed “risk assessment and risk management” as the primary framework for EPA decision-making. In 1987 a major agency report stated that “the fundamental mission of the EPA is to reduce risks.” And after the late-1980’s, a large portion of the U.S. federal regulatory structure deals with health and safety regulation, such as Food and Drug Association (FDA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), has taken risk assessment report as part of legislative facts. As indicated in certain scholastic research, risk-based decision-making method has become the focus of the formulation and the execution of US environmental policy. In addition, the court precedents using risk evaluation are getting more and more popular, which stimulated hot debate among citizens. For instance, in the court precedents such as UAW v. Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Martin v. OSHRC, Corrosion Proof Fittings v. Environmental Protection Agency, the court was using the concept and methodology of quantitative risk assessment to examine the regulatory legality of the environmental law and/or the labor/employment safety law, which makes such precedents landmark cases widely cited in judicial reviewing. Despite that the legal system of Taiwan is quite different from that of the US, the US judges’ knowledge of risk management, their employment of the legal concept, and their reasoning of the same could be important reference to us. For this reason, this Article is to introduce the US practice, with the purpose to establish and refine the risk prevention measures of Taiwan. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。