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題 名 | Reverse Engineering Trade Policy: The Evolution of Japan's Trade Policy after 1995=貿易政策逆轉:1995年以來的日本貿易政策的演進 |
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作 者 | 史艾力克司; | 書刊名 | WTO研究 |
卷 期 | 6 民95 |
頁 次 | 頁143-178 |
分類號 | 558.1 |
關鍵詞 | 日本貿易政策; 經濟伙伴協定; 區域貿易協定; 自由貿易協定; Japanese trade policy; EPA; RTA; FTA; |
語 文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 過去15年日本一直面對經濟競爭力以及經濟力量與安全不對稱的問題。從1960年代至1990年代中期日本是東亞區域發展的驅動力。但是,90年代末期的亞洲金融危機與日本正在進行中的經濟變遷使日本帶領東亞區域發展的微弱領導地位結束。越來越多的徵兆顯示日本正在掙扎著進入一個其已不再對區域發展的方向與速度擁有很大影響力的區域。日本因而迅速地轉變其貿易政策,透過越來越聚焦於易於獲利的雙邊協定與經濟伙伴協定(EPA)的議程來建立戰略貿易伙伴關係以減少更廣泛的全球貿易議程式微所帶來的不利。 在此區域貿易協定(RTA)日益增加成為區域貿易政策驅動力的時代,日本感受到必須在自身被摒棄之前加入RTA,將自身與以雙邊架構為基礎的的RTA相連接起來。於是,自90年代末期日本便從過去透過APEC與WTO來促進多邊經貿發展與穩定貿易關係轉變到經由雙邊貿易協定增加經濟合作。 日本對傳統貿易協定採取寬廣而膚淺的作法,即將傳統經貿協定所涉及的領域擴大,但限制如農業等傳統上困難的領域不受波及,利用其經濟規模為後盾進行貿易協商。日星EPA及其後的日本與墨西哥、馬來西亞泰國以及最近的菲律賓等國的貿易協定皆凸顯其優惠的本質,而非APEC與WTO所強調的全面性協定。 總之,日本試圖以雙邊貿易策略來補充過去所聚焦的全面多邊貿易策略。 |
英文摘要 | Over the past 15 years, Japan is facing issues relating to economic competitiveness and security that had hitherto been anathema to the image of Japan as the globe's second largest economy. An increasingly obvious observation would be to suggest that Japan is struggling to enter into a regional environment where it no longer has the luxury of influencing the direction and pace of regional development. After spending the majority of the period after the Second World War driving the process of regional integration through one means or another, Japan has found itself in an uncomfortable position. Over the past fifteen years, Japan has lost the economic influence and dynamism that drove its claims for regional economic centrality. It no longer drives the debate on regional development in the way it did for 30 years between the 1960s, up to the mid 1990s. The combination of the Asian Crisis and Japan's ongoing economic transformation in the late 1990s ended the era of tenuous Japanese leadership in driving regional development, a position in doubt since the late 1980s. Japan has since quickly moved to reverse engineer a trade policy that can mitigate the decline of its wider global trade agenda with an increasing bilateral concentration on easy gains and strategic trade partnerships through its agenda of Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). Since the late 1990s, Japan has moved from an emphasis on its multilateral economic development through APEC and the WTO towards stabilising trade relationships and increasing economic cooperation through bilateral deals. In an era when the 'domino theory' of increasing Regional Free Trade Agreements (RTAs/ FTAs) is driving regional trade policy, Japan has felt pressured to join in and tie itself into a bilateral framework of RTAs before it gets left out of the loop. In undertaking a process of seeking EPAs, Japan is struggling to balance a number of different factors which are making this transition far more difficult. In 2004, Munakata saw that three factors (extra-regional pressures, the desire for an effective cooperation mechanism and intra-regional competitive dynamics) were driving East Asian initiatives towards regional integration. This paper will look at a number of issues related to the tensions flowing from these factors and the ways in which they have influenced Japanese trade policy. The rise of China is a major factor, in terms of regional trade patterns and the effect that China is having in hollowing out Japan's industrial base. Japan is increasingly connected to China's trade policy and being asked to react to China's regional trade policy rather than concentrating on its favoured territory of broad-scale regional cooperation and regional financial cooperation. This can be seen through the debate over East Asian trade agreement proposals centred around ASEAN. More worrying for Japan is the prospect of a China-ASEAN FTA deal that gives better outcomes for each party than those deal 'sweetners' that Japan can offer through an EPA. This article concentrates on an even larger problem. More central to Japan's trade problems are actually determining the extent and scope of EPAs. This METI-driven strategy practices a 'wide but shallow' policy towards negotiations, and mirrors an ongoing policy of domestic deregulation favoured by the Koizumi Cabinet. While trumpeted as a 'new-age trade agreement' that is a "more comprehensive concept than an FTA", Japan's template for the entire EPA strategy is based on the Japan-Singapore Economic Partnership Agreement (JSEPA). An ideal case for Japan, but a poor overall example given that Singapore doesn't have an agriculture sector, this set of easy cooperation choices are not faced anywhere else in the region or in any of the EPAs it has since signed with Malaysia, Mexico, and soon with The Philippines and Thailand. While the policy provides a way of pushing forward Japan's regional economic integration, it is a complex procedure that ironically makes use of Japan's economic clout to gain beneficial outcomes, much like the US has over the past 30 years. While reverse engineering such a policy is useful for pushing forward with economic integration, Japan pushing an arguably superficial trade policy does have its risks. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。