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題 名 | 臺灣市售易誤用混用中草藥調查、基原鑑定及數位影像鑑定圖譜之建立=Study on the Identification of Germplasm of Easily Abused and Mixed Chinese Medicine in Taiwan Market |
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作 者 | 郭昭麟; | 書刊名 | 中醫藥年報 |
卷 期 | 25:4 2007.10[民96.10] |
頁 次 | 頁457-507 |
專 輯 | 中醫藥品質管理相關研究 |
分類號 | 414.32 |
關鍵詞 | 易誤用混用藥材; 外部形態鑑別; 顯微鑑定; Easily abused medicine; Morphological identification; Microscopical identification; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 中草藥的鑑別目的,在於辨別藥材的真偽、摻雜和品質的優劣,以保證藥材的確實療效。因為誤用混用的偽藥或劣藥,不但不能治好病,反而會誤病甚至害人。故本研究進行常用市售易誤用混用中草藥之調查,如丹參(Salvia miltiorrhiza BGE.)、川木通(Clematis armandii FRANCH.)、川牛膝(Cyathula officinalis KUAN)、白前(Cynanchum stauntonii (DECNE) SCHLTR. ex LEVL.)、白薇(Cynanchum atratum BGE.)、白頭翁(Pulsatilla chinensis REGEL)、石菖蒲(Acorus gramineus SOLAND.)、地骨皮(Lycium chinese MILL.)、防風(Saposhnikovia divaricata (TURCZ.) SCHISCHK.)、桑寄生(Taxillus chinensis (DC.) DANSER)、柴胡(Bupleurum chinense DC.)、桃仁(Prunus persica (L.) BATSCH)、梔子(Gardenia jasminoides EILLS)、黃耆(Astragalus membranaceus BUNGE)、石蓮子(Nelumbo nucifera GAERTN.)、蘇木(Caesalpinia sappan L.)、豨薟(Siegesbeckia orientalis L.)、紅大戟(Knoxia valerianoides THOREL ET PITARD)、旱蓮草(Eclipta prostrata L.)、木鱉子(Momordica cochinchinensis SPRENG.)等二十種藥材,釐清其基原,建立科學化的鑑別機制,如藥材之五官鑑別及顯微鑑定等,並建立數位影像鑑定圖譜資料庫,以供未來鑑別之依據,能更快速及準確的比對正確之基原。 本研究之目的,在於辨別藥材的真偽,摻雜和品質的優劣,以保證藥材的確實療效。進行常用市售易誤用混用丹參、川木通、川牛膝、白前、白薇、白頭翁、石菖蒲、地骨皮、防風、桑寄生、柴胡、桃仁、梔子、黃耆、石蓮子、蘇木、豨薟、紅大戟、旱蓮草、木鱉子等20種藥材之調查研究,建立其藥材之外部形態及顯微鑑定等科學化的鑑別機制,並建立其數位影像鑑別圖譜之依據,期能對未來相同藥材之鑑定,進行更快速及準確的比對其基原。 本研究將所收集之藥材首先進行傳統外部形態之鑑別,如直觀分析法、傳統生藥學之「性狀經驗鑑別」等。其次進行顯微鑑定,以徒手切片,並進行木化反應、木栓化反應、碘試劑等,觀察其內部組織構造,確定其基原,瞭解誤用、混用與正品在內部組織及內含物之相關差異性,配合現代技術和儀器的使用,建立有效的鑑定圖鑑並予數位化。採照相或電腦記製作為數位影像檔案,作為日後在中草藥基原鑑定研究的參考之資料。並就將其鑑別依據及要點一一說明。 本計畫完成臺灣21個縣市的市場調查,共調查223家中藥販賣業者,發現川木通仍有33家誤用關木通;川牛膝僅有38家為正品;白前與白薇僅17家正確使用,186家白前與白薇相互誤用,20家未售白前或白薇;白頭翁僅有19家為正品;石菖蒲有22家以九節菖蒲代替;地骨皮有6家以其他藥材代替,其基原待確定;桑寄生則有以槲寄生或被寄生的枝幹為代用品居多,僅有21家為正品;桃仁僅有12家以杏仁代替,絕大部份使用正品;梔子則有14家使用水梔子代替;黃耆僅有32家為正品,必須說明北耆,否則均以紅耆代替;石蓮子僅有22家為正品;蘇木僅有11家為正品,絕大部份使用小葉紅豆根,於花東地區以墨水樹代替;豨薟僅有15家為正品;紅大戟,約有31家不售,有42家以巴戟天代替;旱蓮草僅有12家為正品;木鱉子,約有32家不售,有86家以馬錢子代替;丹參、防風、柴胡則均為正品。造成市售藥材誤用混用之原因:(1)同名異物或同物異名;(2)師徒相傳,經年使用;(3)消費習慣,無正確資訊;(4)不識正品藥材;(5)中藥商供應來源;(6)其他因素,如諧音、非藥用部位太多。經本研究發現可用五官及顯微鏡檢等科學化的鑑別機制,就能快速及準確的比對其基原。所建立數位影像檔案能有效、快速及準確的鑑定藥材的基原。 |
英文摘要 | There are so many generic and homonymic traditional materials in the market. The most basic but critical issue in the quality control of a Chinese medicine is to identify its reality, origin and quality. In this study, using with comparative pharmacognostic methods, We are going to compare the origin, morphology, microscopic characteristic of 20 traditional medicinal material of Taiwan natives were identified those including Salvia miltiorrhiza BGE., Akebia quinata (THUNB.) DECNE., Cyathula officinalis KUAN, Cynanchum stauntonii (DECNE) SCHLTR. ex LEVL., Cynanchum atratum BGE., Pulsatilla chinensis REGEL, Acorus gramineus SOLAND., Lycium chinense MILL., Saposhnikovia divaricata (TURCZ.) SCHISCHK., Taxillus chinensis (DC.) DANSER, Bupleurum chinense DC., PRUNUS PERSICA (L.) BATSCH, Gardenia jasminoides EILLS, Astragalus membranaceus BUNGE, Nelumbo nucifera GAERTN., Caesalpinia sappan L., Siegesbeckia orientalis L., Knoxia valerianoides THOREL et PITARD, Eclipta prostrata L., Momordica cochinchinensis SPRENG., Establish of identification digital image database in Taiwan. This study found by using the five organs and the cientific identifying mechanism of microscopical identification that could compare the germplasm quickly and correctly, and the established digital picture file could identify the germplasm of medicine effectively, quickly and correctly. The purpose of this study is to distinguish the true and the false of medicine, the good and the bad of mixture and quality and to insure the sure effect of medicine. To investigate the common abused and mixed medicines in market such as S. miltiiorrhiza, A. quinata, C. officinalis, C. stauntonii, C. atratum, P. chinensis, A. gramineus, L. chinense, S. divaricata, T. chinensis, B. chinense, P. persica, G. jasminoides, A. membranaceus, N. nucifera, C. sappan, S. orientalis, K. valerianoides, E. prostrata, M. cochinchinensis etc., to establish a scientific identifying mechanism such as the morphological and microscopical identification of medicine, and a reference of digital picture diagram of identification as a more quick and correct comparison for the same germplasm of medicine in the future. In this study, first, the morphological identification was proceeded from the collected medicine including the direct observation and the traditional unprocessed character experience identification. Second, the microscopical identification was proceeded by hand-section, lifeless reaction and observation of inside tissue structure with iodine to make sure the germplasm, understand the related difference of inside tissue and content of the true material, combine the modern technique and equipment, establish the effective diagram of identification. Then, digital picture file was made by computer as a perfect, effective, quick and feasible reference for the study for Chinese herb germplasm identification in the future. Also, the basis and major point of the identification were explained one by one. There were 21 counties (cities) investigated around Taiwan including 230 stores of Chinese drug which only 33 store had A. manshuriensis insead of C. armandii, 38 stores had true dandelion C. officinalis, 186 stores had C. stauntonii instead of Cynanchum atratum (C. atratum instead of C. stauntonii), only 33 store had true dandelion Pulsatilla chinensis, 22 stores had A. altaica instead of A. gramineus, only 33 store had otherwise instead of L. chinense, 21 stores had true T. chinensis otherwise instead of V. cololatum or M. alba, 218 stores had true dandelion Prunus persica onl 12 store had instead of P. armentiaca, only 33 store had G. jasminoides var. grandiflora instead fo G. jasminoides, only 33 store had true dandelion A. membranaceus, only 33 store had true dandelion N. nucifera, only 11 store had true dandelion Caesalpinia sappan otherwise instead of O. microphyla or Haematoxylon campechianum, only 15 store had true dandelion S. orientalis, 157 store had true dandelion K. valerianoides (31 stores don't sell), only 12 store had true dandelion E. prostrata, 144 store had true dandelion Momordica cochinchinensis and all store had true dandelion S. miltiorrhiza, B. chinense, S. divaricata. The reasons of the abused and mixed medicines in market were: (1) same name or different thing has the synonym, (2) from teacher to student, common used, (3) consuming habit, has no correct information, (4) don't know the true materials, (5) the resource of Chinese drug seller, and (6) the others. This study found by using the five organs and the cientific identifying mechanism of microscopical identification that could compare the germplasm quickly and correctly, and the established digital picture file could identify the germplasm of medicine effectively, quickly and correctly. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。