頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 印度的政治參與和國會選舉=Political Participation and Parliamentary Elections in India |
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作 者 | 李憲榮; | 書刊名 | 臺灣國際研究季刊 |
卷 期 | 2:4 民95.冬 |
頁 次 | 頁31-49 |
分類號 | 574.372 |
關鍵詞 | 政治參與; 多元社會結構; 印度國會黨; 單一選區先驅得點制; Political participation; Diverse social structure; India National Congress Party; Single member district; First past the post; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 印度政府和政治對印度人民的日常生活的干預既深且廣。由於 印度政府是人民生活的提供者也是規範者,人民也就不得不積極地 參與政府事務和政治。印度的歷史悠久,人口眾多,土地廣大,社 會結構多元複雜,語言、宗教、部落、階級制度、地域關念等等因 素都會錯綜複雜地影響政黨的運作和選民的取向。印度國會下議院 選舉採取「單一選區多數決」制度,但並未造成兩大政黨的體制。 印度政黨相當繁多複雜,政黨分分合合,黨名頻頻改變。印度獨立 後 20 年間,「印度國會黨」一黨獨大,在 1960 至 1980 年代轉為多 黨有限競爭,1990 年代則為多黨競爭聯合執政,最近兩次大選(1999, 2004)則由數個政黨結合成兩個大聯盟對抗,但是各政黨仍然極為 獨立。從最近的一次選舉(2004 年)結果顯示,對一般人民生活的 訴求比意識形態或亮麗的口號更能打動選民的心,贏得選戰的勝利。 一個極度多元的印度能繼續維持民主制度誠然不易,印度民主的危 機存在於脆弱的聯合政府,分崩離析的在野黨,地域的差距,和族 群、語言、宗教、和社會的多元。 |
英文摘要 | India’s government and politics have a powerful effect on the daily lives of its people. Since the government provides for and regulates much of what they can do, people cannot help but participate in government affairs and politics. India has a long history, a large population, and covers extensive land; Indian society is extremely diverse. Factors such as languages, religions, tribes, the caste system, and regional disparities strongly influence political parties and the choices of the electorate. India has adopted a “Single Member District, First Past the Post” electoral system, but it has not created a stable two-party system. India has formed many political parties that have been frequently divided and (re)combined, with their names often changed. In the 20 years following independence, the Indian National Congress Party (INC) was the dominant party; in the 1960’s through the 1980’s, a multi-party system with limited competition was formed; in the 1990’s, several parties formed coalition governments; and in the last two general elections (1999, 2004), parties created two large alliances to compete, but they remained independent from one another. The results of the last two general elections have demonstrated that appeals to the daily lives of the people rather than ideological slogans have been more effective in garnering party votes. It is quite remarkable for an extremely diverse society like India to sustain its democratic system, but the weak coalition government, the disintegrated party system along with regional disparities, linguistic and religious differences, and social cleavages still threaten India’s democracy. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。