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題名 | 從《活計檔》看清高宗直接控管御製器用的兩個機制=Two Mechanisms by Which the Ch'ing Emperor Kao-tsung Exerted Direct Control over the Implements Made for Court Use, as Evidenced in the Documents of the Archives of Imperial Workshop |
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作 者 | 張麗端; | 書刊名 | 故宮學術季刊 |
卷期 | 24:1 民95.秋 |
頁次 | 頁45-70+162-163 |
分類號 | 782.87、782.87 |
關鍵詞 | 乾隆皇帝; 內務府造辦處; 活計檔; 清代宮廷藝匠; 清代宮廷器用; Ch'ien-lung Emperor; Imperial Workshop of the Ch'ing Imperial Household Department; Nei-wu-fu-tsao-ban-ch'u; Archives of Imperial Workshop; Ch'ing dynasty court artisans; The implements made for Ch'ing dynasty court use; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 清高宗重視生活雅趣。他對於宮廷器用的風格,自有一套雜揉了帝王誇耀宏業與文人雅實古典的品味。然而問題是,乾隆皇帝如何掌控其品質,讓為數眾多、品類繁雜的宮廷作坊活計合於他的標準呢? 《內務府造辦處各作成作活計清檔》(簡稱《活計檔》)又稱「旨意題頭清檔」。因為內容絕大部分是內務府造辦處活計房人員登錄皇帝交辦活計所下的旨意,此外還有些各處奉旨製辦活計的來帖等等,所以這份檔案對於瞭解皇帝控管宮廷器用品質的方式及相關問題,提供了珍貴的第一手史料。 本文爬梳乾隆六十年間的《活計檔》,依序羅列出宮廷活計製造的流程,從內廷傳達旨意開始,直至最終完工呈進後的鑑等,乾隆皇帝積極於掌控每一個環節。尤其值得注意的,在他交辦活計的初期,清高宗就靈活地運用各類「樣」、「稿」等具象的媒介,和工匠們進行有效的溝通,俾使匠人充分瞭解他的構思,或是先行掌握匠人的意念及預備施做的方法。因此,本文擬將樣稿的種類、運用的範疇及其效果做一個整理。此外,乾隆皇帝時有指名特定的畫樣者或成造者的情形。這樣的舉措,意味著高宗十分清楚的掌握這些匠人特質,並且相信委交這些匠人設計、製作,將比較容易得到合於其要求與品味的活計,是非常有效的管控方式。 |
英文摘要 | The Ch'ing emperor Kao-tsung was a man of elegant taste, and he was keen on he refined pleasures in life, and that the implement and objects d'art produced under his commission are of a style exhibiting both imperial grandeur and classic grace. Yet, how did he control their quality? Additionally, how did he manage to have the works, noted for their large quantity and great diversity, made to meet his scrutinizing standards? The paper is based primarily on materials from the Archives of the Imperial Workshop (or Huo-chi-tang 活計檔), which is a conglomeration of Imperial edicts and instructions, as well as in-coming communications from other divisions of the government, received and kept by the staff of the imperial workshop, an agency of the Ch'ing Imperial Household Department (or Nei-wu-fu 內務府). As these documents are all in one way or another related to the making of implements for court use, they are considered first-hand source materials for the study of imperial administration of the Workshop and the quality of its products, as well as other pertinent topics. This article will consider the Archives of the Imperial Workshop, as compiled during the 60th year of Ch'ien-lung's reign. The manufacturing process of goods from the imperial workshop will be systematically analyzed, starting with imperial orders for work that originated from the Inner Court and continuing to the point at which the work for these projects was completed and submitted for final evaluation. Ch'ien-lung's links with and active control over this work will be shown. Especially worthy of analysis is the early stages of manufacturing, in which Ch'ien-lung passed over control to the workshop. The Ch'ien-lung Emperor actively utilized all manner of preliminary drafts and samples in order to effectively communicate with the palace artisants. This allowed the artisans to thoroughly understand Emperor's wishes. Also, this enabled the Emperor to grasp the artisans' ideas and their production method. Therefore, this article will make a systematic list of the categories of objects, preliminary models used in this process as well as the final products produced. Additionally, the Emperor sometimes chose specific artisans or painters to work on a given piece; an action that shows that he was very familiar with the strengths of specific artisans and trusted them to design and manufacture products that would appeal to his specific tastes. This was a very effective system of control. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。