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題 名 | 紐西蘭國會選舉制度改革評析=Electoral Reform in New Zealand |
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作 者 | 李憲榮; | 書刊名 | 臺灣國際研究季刊 |
卷 期 | 2:1 民95.春 |
頁 次 | 頁29-49 |
專 輯 | 紐西蘭民主政治 |
分類號 | 574.7265 |
關鍵詞 | 選制改革; 規範民主的理論; 公共選擇理論; 單一選區; 先駐得點制; 混合代表制; Electoral system reform; Normative democratic theory Public choice thoery; Single member districts; First-past-the-post; Mixed members proportional; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 在世界任何國家,選制改革都有其必然的困難,但是也有改革 成功的例子,例如最近的日本、義大利、以色列、台灣、和紐西蘭 等國。紐西蘭在 1993 年以公民投票的方式成功地將「單一選區、先 駐得點制」改為「混合代表制」。 本文評析其改革的背景、過程、論辯、和新制的利弊得失。紐 西蘭選制改革成功的主要因素是舊制「得票率不等於得席率」的基 本缺點,加上有利於改革的條件如政黨的政治誤算和正反雙方的攻 防策略運用。在論辯上,正方以「規範民主的理論」為基礎,反方 以「公共選擇理論」為基礎。 紐西蘭的新選制採「單一選區和政黨兩票」、聯立制的「混合代 表制」,以政黨票為計算國會總席位的基礎。這種選制當然矯正「得 票率不等於得席率」和弱勢族群難有代表性的缺點,但也衍生了多 黨林立聯合政府難產和小黨取得過多政治權力的缺點。 |
英文摘要 | By its nature, electoral system reform is difficult. But there are success stories such as in Japan, Italy, Israel, Taiwan, and New Zealand. New Zealand successfully reformed its electoral system from “Single Member Districts, First-Past-the-Post” to “Mixed Members Proportional” through a referendum in 1993. This paper analyzes the reform’s background and process, arguments of both sides, and the advantages and disadvantages of the new system. The fundamental flaw of “the votes do not transfer into seats” in the old system, plus such conditions as political miscalculations and reform campaign strategies, led to the success of the reform. In discussing the issue, the proponents used Normative Democratic Theory while the opposition used Public Choice Theory to support their respective positions. The new electoral system adopts a mixed proportional representation system with two votes, one for single district candidates and the other for political parties, with the latter deciding the total number of seats in Parliament. This system rectifies the flaw of “the votes do not transfer into seats” and provides disadvantaged groups with better representation, but it also creates problems such as a difficulty in forming coalition governments and small parties gaining disproportionate political power. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。