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題名 | The Direct Effect of the GATT/WTO Rules within the European Community Legal System: The Position of the Court of Justice of the European Communities and the Court of First Instance=GATT/WTO協定在歐洲共同體法律體系內部之直接效力:歐洲共同體法院與第一審法院所持之立場 |
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作者 | 李貴英; Li, Catherine; |
期刊 | 政大法學評論 |
出版日期 | 20040400 |
卷期 | 78 2004.04[民93.04] |
頁次 | 頁209-266 |
分類號 | 579.184 |
語文 | eng |
關鍵詞 | 歐洲共同體法院; 直接效力; 第一審法院; 關稅暨貿易總協定; 世界貿易組織; Court of Justice of the European Communities; Court of first instance; General agreement of tariff and trade; World Trade Organization; Direct effect; |
中文摘要 | 歐洲共同體法院確認國際協定為歐洲共同體法律體系之一部分,並在若干案件中,歐體法院認為個人可向會員國國內法院直接援引國際協定之相關規定而為主張。然而歐體法院在處理1947年GATT是否得直接適用之問題上,其所抱持之立場卻與處理其他國際協定之態度大相逕庭。在若干案件之判決中,歐體法院堅稱1947年GATT不具有直接效力。在烏拉圭回合談判後,儘管GATT/WTO體系已有大幅轉變,歐體法院依然堅持其立場,並否定GATT/WTO相關協定具有直接效力。然而歐體法院認為在撤銷之訴的案件中,法院得根據GATT/WTO協定之相關規則來檢視歐洲共同體措施之合法性,不過僅限於歐洲共同體措施乃是為了履行WTO架構下之特定義務,或該項措施明白指涉WTO相關協定當中之特定條款。至於第一審法院亦遵循歐體法院判決所揭示之既定原則。評估歐洲共同體法院對此一問題所採之立場時,有必要將其政策考量與法律分析一併納入考量。 |
英文摘要 | The Court of Justice of the European Communities has held that international agreements form part of the Community legal system and that, in some cases, they may be invoked by individuals in Member State courts. However, the "GATT case-law" of the Court contrasts sharply with its position regarding other international agreements. In a number of cases, the Court adhered to the position that GATT 1947 did not have direct effect. In spite of the transformation brought about into the GATT/WTO system by the Uruguay Round Agreements, the Court continues to stick to its position opposing the direct effect to the WTO Agreements. Although the Court denied the possibility that GATT/WTO rules may have a direct effect, it held that in the context of an annulment action, the Court may review the legality of the Community measure from the point of the GATT/WTO rules only where the Community intended to implement a particular obligation assumed in the context of the WTO, or where the Community measure refers expressly to the precise provisions of the WTO agreements. The Court of First Instance has followed the settled case-law with regard to the direct effect of GATT/WTO rules. In evaluating the Court's case-law in this regard, policy considerations should be combined with analysis in legal terms. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。