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| 題 名 | EURO-SINICA: The Past and the Future=歐洲的中國觀:過去與現在 |
|---|---|
| 作 者 | Hsia, Adrian; Hsia, Adrian; | 書刊名 | 臺灣東亞文明研究學刊 |
| 卷 期 | 1:1 2004.06[民93.06] |
| 頁 次 | 頁17-58 |
| 分類號 | 541.28 |
| 關鍵詞 | 中國-概念; 歐洲思想家; 十七-二十世紀; 歐洲中心主義; 中國中心主義; 天啟教; 相互接受; China-construct; European thinkers; 17th-20th centuries; Eurocentrism; Sinocentrism; Revealed religions; Mutual acceptance; |
| 語 文 | 英文(English) |
| 中文摘要 | 我用「歐洲-中國」這個詞來指稱歐洲對中國文化的(再)建構。從歷史的角度來看,現在是過去事件透明化後的組成,同時也構成了未來的基礎。在這個架構下,我的論文將由四個部分組成:前三個部分試圖分析從十七到二十世紀(包含二十世紀)的各個歷史階段。最後一個部分試圖在過去經驗的基礎上,預測未來可能的發展狀況。我們身為當代的學者,應該嘗試在現在種下種子,期待未來有一天這種影響將開花結果。就關注於歐洲與中國文化交流的觀點而言,終究會形成多樣多變的人類文化,例如說,一個真正多元文化的世界。 過去的事比較容易被描繪出來,第一個時期可以被稱作是耶穌會時期。在本文中我將呈現耶穌會遭遇中國文化時的折衷作法,以及其中最具影響力的創始人所提出的Figurist理論。此外,亦將呈現認同這種折衷作法之哲學家的討論,像是萊布尼茲(Leibniz)和伏爾泰(Voltaire)等。第二個階段是新教階段;在中國的「禮儀之爭」(the Rites Controversy)後,新教的哲學家,加上少數的法國羅馬天主教徒,有意或無意地以《聖經》或是他們對《聖經》的詮釋來批判中國文化。這類哲學家多數來自德國,包括赫爾德(Herder)、黑格爾(Hegel)、席力赫(Schlegel)、和謝林(Schelling)等。他們多是在鴉片戰爭後隨著新教傳教士進入中國。然而,在此時期的巔峰時刻,也就是約莫在義和團之亂的時候,這種正統和類基本教義(quasifundamentalist)的態度開始改變了。一些新教的傳教士、作家、和哲學家開始對中國文化採取同情的看法。最為顯著的例子像是叔本華(Schopenhauer)、李查.威爾瀚(Richard Wilhelm)、羅素(Bertrand Russell)、和馬汀.布伯(Martin Buber)。或許我們可以把這個第三階段稱做是非教派階段,因為這個時期的思想家再也不以正統的宗教觀點來批評中國了。這些「局內人」(inclusivist)當然和「局外人」(exclusivist)同時存在,像是二十世紀前半的馬克斯.韋伯(Max Weber)和二十世紀後半的朱利亞.克莉絲蒂娃(Julia Kristeva)。以「局內人」的觀點為基礎,我會嘗試發展出一個(或者更多)未來發展的可能藍圖。一部份會以卡爾.亞思伯(Karl Jaspers)的初步嘗試為基底。採取他將蘇格拉底、佛陀、孔子和耶穌四人並置,並一視同仁研究他們的理念和作法。如果我們可以同時尊敬形成人類偉大文化的大貢獻者,那我們也就不需要去追求烏托邦了。 |
| 英文摘要 | I use Euro-Sinica to denote the European (re-)construct of Chinese culture. In historical perspective, the present constitutes the crystallization of the past and, at the same time, the foundation of the future. Within this framework, my paper has four parts: the first three parts analyze the historical stages from the 17th to the 20th centuries (inclusive) and the last part forecasts, based on past experience, possible future developments. We as scholars in the present should try to sow seeds and thus help influence future attitudes concerning intercultural perspectives between China and Europe so that some day, there will be a diversified humanity-culture, i.e., a true multi-cultural world. In comparison, the past is easy to delineate. The first part can be called the Jesuit Epoch. Here I present the accommodation and the Figurist theory of the most influential Jesuit Fathers, as well as the discussions of those philosophers such as Leibniz and Voltaire who were sympathetic to the accommodation. The second phase can be termed the Protestant Epoch, because after the Rites Controversy it was mainly the Protestant philosophers, with a scattering of French (Roman Catholic) ones, who consciously or unconsciously used the Bible or their interpretation of it, to judge Chinese culture. Most of the philosophers in this category were German, including Herder, Hegel, Schlegel, and Schelling. They were followed by Protestant missionaries who entered China after the First Opium War. However, at the hight of this period, about the time of the Boxer Rebellion, the orthodox and quasi-fundamentalist attitude began to change. In the third period, some Protestant missionaries, writers, and philosophers took a sympathetic view to Chinese culture. Schopenhauer, Richard Wilhelm, Bertrand Russell, and Martin Buber were prominent examples. Perhaps we can call this third period non-denominational, because these thinkers did not judge China based on orthodox religious views. These “inclusivists”, of course, co-exist with the “exclusivists” such as Max Weber of the first half, and Julia Kristeva of the second half of the 20th century. Based on the “inclusivist” view, I shall propose a scenario (perhaps more than one) of possible future development. It is in part be based on Karl Jasper's initiative of putting Socrates, Buddha, Confucius, and Jesus Christ on equal footing so we can study them and their ideas as human beings. If we can respect all great personages who contributed to the formation of important cultures, then we shall have no need for utopoias. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。