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題名 | 明末清初城市手工業工人的集體抗議行動--以蘇州城為探討中心=Urban Craftsmen's Collective Protest Actions in the Late Ming and Early Qing: The Case of Suzhou City |
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作者 | 巫仁恕; Wu, Jen-shu; |
期刊 | 中央研究院近代史研究所集刊 |
出版日期 | 19971200 |
卷期 | 28 1997.12[民86.12] |
頁次 | 頁47-88 |
分類號 | 556.6 |
語文 | chi |
關鍵詞 | 明末清初; 城市; 手工業工人; 集體行動; 蘇州; Late ming and early qing; Urban life; Craftsmen; Collective action; Suzhou; |
中文摘要 | 過去關於明末清初城市手工業雇工罷工與暴動的研究,無論是中國大陸或是日木學者的研究,焦點大多是放在主雇關係的變化。本文以蘇州為例,嘗試從三個新的角度來探討明末清初這類城市手工業工人的集體抗議行動。首先是關於集體抗議形成的原因,嘗試將工人薪資與當時的經濟狀況,如物價、銀錢比價等作一比對,進一步地由物價的波動與薪資結構的關係出發,以解釋罷工暴動發生的原因。其次,透過歷史社會學所謂的「集體行動」的概念,分析這類集體抗議事件形成的要素,如組織、動員、抗議儀式、群眾心態、集體抗爭與集體暴動的形式等。結果顯示自明末手工業工人已有工人組織的雛型,至清初業已形成聯盟組織,雖然政府嚴禁其成立自己的會館公所,但此類組織對其集體行動具有動員的效力;工人的抗議儀式代表工人表達不滿的一種象徵行為,同時也反映出工人們漸漸地利用原有的傳統文化形式轉化為自己的文化。在集體抗議的方式方面,工人漸漸開始以達官請增工價或控告坊主扣克工資的方式來表達抗議,反映了集體抗議有漸漸走向合法抗爭的傾向。另外,過去大陸學者認為清政府在處理罷工時都是採取無情鎮壓的說法,本文則提出不同的解釋,強調清政府在勞資糾紛中扮演了重要的居中協調者的角色。 |
英文摘要 | Most studies on urban strikes and riots of craftsmen during the late Ming and early Qing period by scholars both in Mainland China and Japan have focused on the relationship between proprietors and their workers or craftsmen. By three approaches, this paper enquires into these workers' or craftsmen's collective actions of protest in Suzhou city during this period. First, by comparing the price fluctuation and craftsmen's wages, I try to explain why the demonstrations and protests happened. Second, by using the "collective actiion" theory of historical sociology I analyze the important elemens in craftsmen's collective action, that is, organization, mobilization, protest rituals, collective mentality, and forms of collective violence, etc. By the late Ming, craftsmen seemed to have developed a prototype of their form of organization which was further to develop into unionlike organization in the Qing period. Although craftsmen were prohibited by the local governments from establishing their guilds, their union-like organization had effect on mobilizing craftsmen for collective protests. The craftsmen's protest rituals represent a symbol of their discontent while also reflecting their transformation of traditional "high" culture into one of their own. With respect to the forms of protest, a significant trend of transformation seems to have taken place, i.e. moving away from violence towards legal expression. Third, most Mainland Chinese scholars take the view that whenever there were conflicts between employers and craftsmen, the authorities invariably sided with the employers, condemning any form of protest. However, this paper presents a different interpretation. It emphasizes the role the government played as an important coordinator in solving the conflicts between employers and craftsmen. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。