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題 名 | 另類的反納粹運動--克萊稍團體及其對後希特勒時代的構思=Another Kind of Anti-Nazi Movement: The Kreisau Circle and Its Blue-Print for a Post-Hitler Age |
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作 者 | 王琪; | 書刊名 | 成大西洋史集刊 |
卷 期 | 11 2003.06[民92.06] |
頁 次 | 頁159-223 |
分類號 | 743.257 |
關鍵詞 | 反納粹運動; 克萊稍團體; 另一個德國; 極權國家; 新國家秩序; Kreisau circle; Anti-Nazi movement; Another Germany; Authoritarian state; New state order; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 自納粹黨取得政權並結束了議會民主體制的威瑪共和國之後,基於其內政與外交政策上的獨斷獨行引起了國內各階層關心國家前途的人士以不同的方式來進行所謂的反納粹運動。反抗的層面包含抵制、異議、不合作、抗議、反抗乃至於謀反等各類方式。所謂抵制是指那些基於本身的生活環境、生活方式、社會條件或信仰而對納粹政權所推行的政策產生保留與冷陌;異議及不合作則指一些團體或團體中的個人,為了維持及實現自己的信仰及社會價值觀而反對納粹政府欲執行其強制政策所採取的行動,更因不滿政府的反人道政策而以不合作的方式來表達內心的抗議;至於更明確的抗議則指一些公開的口頭或文字上對政府政策的批評;反抗則指一些有計畫的行動以削弱政府的威信與效率,目的則在於瓦解納粹政權,而這類有計畫的行動與謀反,也就是欲推翻納粹政權,在目標上是一致的,只是謀反團體的目標相當明確,並訂出了執行計畫,甚至於對德國的未來及與歐洲的關係都已有了大致的藍圖。 本文所探討的克萊稍團體便是一個以擬訂後納粹時代的德國在憲政體制、經濟秩序、文化教育、宗教信仰等方面的監圖為職志的反抗團體。這個團體的特色在於其成員是來自社會不同的階層,有貴族或土地貴族,也有工會代表,有基督教徒或基督教神職,也有天主教徒或天主教神職,有過去是天主教中心黨的政治人物,也有過去社民黨的領導人物。同時這些成員當中還有相當一部份擔任層級不低的公職或軍職,在威瑪共和時代,不僅彼此理念不同,甚至相去甚遠,但是在第三帝國時代卻能聚在一起,相信這種彼此理念的差異在面對納粹政權時已不再具有任何決定性的意義,而且必須將那種因理念的差異而產生的分歧克服。 克來稍團體在各類反納粹運動的團體中,與其他反抗團體不同之處,在於他們體認到,人們只能在構想好了另一個政府之後,才能推翻現有的政府。因此,克萊稍團體將自己最重要的任務放在為未來德國擬訂治國藍圖。不過該團體在反納粹運動上也不僅是被動地自限於思考性的工作,各別成員也以其各自的工作崗位來進行一些反納粹行動或是以自己的人脈關係來與其他反抗團體,特別是軍中反抗團體進行緊密的聯繫。 因此本文除了探討克萊稍這個來自社會各階層的菁英所組成的反抗團體為後希特勒時代的德國擬訂了甚麼樣的藍圖之外,也分析克萊稍團體各成員的背景、各別成員對納粹黨的立場及其各別所採取的一些反納粹政權的行動。 |
英文摘要 | Since it ended the representative democracy of the Weimar Republic and took over the power, the Nazi Regime had, because of its authoritarianism in foreign and home affairs, provoked protests and campaigns from different levels of the society in many ways, which constituted the so called anti-nazi movement. This movement took various forms, including boycott, dissent, non-cooperation, protest, resistance and even conspiracy. Resistance indicates the attitude of those who remained reserved about and indifferent to the Nazi policies because of their different living experiences, ways of life, social conditions or beliefs; dissent and non-cooperation mean actions taken up by persons in organizations, who wished to maintain and realize their personal convictions or values and were therefore opposed to a Nazi government that tried to enforced its policies; as for the clearer act of protest, it took the form of public expression, either orally or in written materials, and criticized the policies of this regime; resistance intends as a systematic program that attempted to discredit and hamper the Nazi government, with the ultimate purpose to replace it and on this point it fell in line with conspiracy though a political conspiracy seemed to have a much clearer target, bolstered with a complete agenda, even equipped with a blue-print for a future Germany and for its relationship with Europe at large. The topic for the present inquiry, the Kreisau Circle, is a dissent group of this kind, with a clear program for the post-Nazi Germany in its constitutional institution, economic order, culture and education, religious belief and others. A feature of this group is the various social backgrounds of its members: aristocrate, landlords, representatives of trade unions, Protestants and Protestant priests, as well as Catholics and the Catholic hierarchies; some of them are politicians of the Catholic Center party and some were leading members of the Social Democratic party; some of this Circle were; by profession, civil servants and officers of no mean rank. These people had very different, sometimes even radically different political ideas, but they came together, believing that their differences in political ideas no longer counted much in facing up to the rise of the Nazi Regime and so determined to overcome them. Among the many anti-Nazi groups the Kreisau Circle was different from others in its realization that one must think out an alternative way of government before an overthrow of the present one. It is because of this that the Kreisau saw its mission as a mapping out a blue print for a future Germany. However, this group as a whole confined itself to this rather passive role in the anti-Nazi movement and could only let its members to take advantage of individual resources, hand in hand with other groups, especially in the army, to carry out its anti-Nazi movement. Apart from the attempt to explore what kind of blue-print for a future Germany the Kreisau Circle put forward, this inquiry will also conduct an investigation of the major figures of this group in their social background, attitudes toward the Nazi Party and their individual efforts to work against the Nazi Regime. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。