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頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | WTO智慧財產權保護與公共健康議題之發展趨勢=The Development on the Issue of Protection of Intellectual Property Rights and Public Health in the WTO |
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作 者 | 倪貴榮; | 書刊名 | 經社法制論叢 |
卷 期 | 31 2003.01[民92.01] |
頁 次 | 頁129-158 |
分類號 | 588.3 |
關鍵詞 | 世界貿易組織; 與貿易相關之智慧財產權協議; 愛滋藥物專利; 平行輸入; 強制授權; 用盡原則; WTO; Trips; AIDS drugs patent; Parallel import; Compulsory licensing; Exhaustion; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 世界貿易組織(WTO)的烏拉圭回合談判中所總結出之智慧財產權協議,簡稱為TRIPS,表彰了智財權之保護已達於全球肯認之境地;另一方面,TRIPS成為WTO多邊貿易協定之一部,也代表西方國家長久以來亟欲將智財權保護引入WTO中的努力得到大勝。相反地,在談判過程中開發中國家多半不願接受該協議,似預示了將來執行與解釋該協議可能之衝突。 南非等政府為遏止愛滋病侵犯其國民,採取一系列用以援助病患購買愛滋藥物的措施。擁有這些藥品專利的跨國藥廠聲稱此類措施侵犯其專利權,且違反南非等會員於WTO/TRIPS下所應遵守之義務,並於南非國內法院或利用WTO之爭端解決機制尋求救濟。在非政府組織(NGOs)所引發之國際運動之壓力下,最終撤回該訴訟。此爭端提供我們一個思考之契機:究竟應該如何闡釋TRIPS,方能使適切之智財權保護,與一國政府採取必要措施以維護公眾健康利益,達到某種平衡。 除了探討TRIPS相關條文之外,本文將回顧此議題之後續發展,尤其是WTO及WHO等國際組織的反應。顯然地,WTO已願意對智財權協定之適用採取更為彈性的方式,以調和通常欠缺嚴格執行該協定能力之開發中國家的訴求。儘管如此,TRIPS需要進一步的釐清甚或修改,以獲致滿意的解決或者避免模稜兩可。尤其近年我國愛滋病患人數遽增,政府應儘速尋求一個既能保護公共健康,同時兼顧WTO/TRIPS相關承諾的政策。 |
英文摘要 | The conclusion of intellectual property rights (IPRs) agreement, namely TRIPS, in the WTO Uruguay Round indicated that the IPRs protection has reached a global comprehensive system. That the TRIPS becomes one of the WTO multilateral trading agreements, in other sense, also represents a significant triumph of Western countries which have long insisted on the inclusion of IPRs protection in the WTO. By contrast, most developing countries proved reluctant to accept the arrangement during the negotiation, which seems to herald the future controversy regarding the implementation and interpretation of the accord. In response to the plague of AIDS disease over its nationals, the government of South Africa adopted a variety of measures designed to allow its nationals to afford the price of AIDS drugs. Multinational pharmaceutical in infringement of their patent as well violation of South Africa's obligations in the WTO/TRIPS, suing the government of South Africa in the latter's court. Eventually the suits were withdrawn under the pressure of international campaigns largely initialed by NGOs. The dispute provided a good opportunity to contemplate how the TRIPS shuld be interpreted in order to strike a balance between the adequate protection of IPRs and the right of national government to take measures necessary to preserve the interests of public health. In addition to the exploration of relevant TRIPS provisions, the article will review the subsequent development of the issue, particularly the reaction of the international community, namely WHO and WTO. It is found that the WTO has started to adopt a more flexible approach towards the application of the IPR agreement in order to accommodate the appeals of developing countries that generally lack capabilities to afford a rigid implementation of the accord. In spite of the soft law character of the Doha declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, such an arrangement does not prevent it from being a useful tool in helping interpret the provisions of TRIPS. As the population of AIDS patients in our countries has escalated during the past few years, it is timely for the government to hammer out a feasible policy that many protect people's health right in one hand and fulfill our commitments with respect to the WTO/TRIPS on the other. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。