頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 一九一一年蒙古獨立運動原因之探討=The Reasons for the Mongolian Independence Movement of 1911 |
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作 者 | 藍美華; | 書刊名 | 中山人文社會科學期刊 |
卷 期 | 10:2=23 2002.12[民91.12] |
頁 次 | 頁89-115 |
分類號 | 675.202 |
關鍵詞 | 蒙古; 獨立運動; 滿清對蒙政策; 新政; 俄蒙關係; Mongolia; Independence movement; Manchu policy toward Mongolia; New Administration; Russo-Mongolian relations; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 1911年年底,外蒙脫離中國,宣佈成立「大蒙古國」。這個新建的國家在各方蒙人努力下,維持了三年多的壽命,直到1915年6月中俄蒙三方在恰克圖簽訂協約後才被迫撤 銷獨立,成為中華民國轄下的自治區,此次蒙古獨立運動也宣告失敗。 外蒙為何在加入滿清帝國兩百二十年後決定尋求獨立、建立屬於自己的國家?此一獨立運動的原因相當複雜,筆者將其分成三類:遠因、近因與最終因。遠因包括經濟的破敗與滿清官員的無能,近因包括清末對蒙政策的改變以及三多、唐在禮等人的施政,而最終因則是清朝的崩解。筆者在論文中還討論了俄國在此運動中的角色,並提出抗爭的前例,證明此一獨立運動並非單一事件,而是不滿情緒累積的結果。在這些原因當中,整體經濟的破敗、滿清對蒙政策的改變以及清朝潰亡等涉及大環境改變的因素自是獨立的主要因素,而俄國的角色及個人的負面經驗則屬次要因素。 |
英文摘要 | At the end of 1911, the Mongols in Urga proclaimed their independence from China and established the Great Mongol State. Thanks to effort of the Mongols of different regions, this new country had lasted for more than three years until its independent status was downgraded to autonomy by the tripartite agreement of June 1915, signed by China, Russia, and Mongolia in Kyakhta. The Independence movement thus failed. Why did the Mongols decide to seek independence and establish a state of their own after having been Manchu subjects for 220 years? The reasons for this independence movement are very complicated. The author divides them into three categories: remote causes, immediate caused, and ultimate causes. The remote causes comprise the economic collapse and the incapability of Manchu officials in Mongolia. The immediate causes comprise the change of Manchu policy in Monglia in late Qing period and the maladministration of Sando and Tang Zai-li. The ulimate cause for the independence movement is the fall of the Manchu empire. This paper also discusses the role of Russia in this movement, and provides evidences of previous Mongolian resistances and independence attempts to prove that the Mongolian independence movement of 1911 was not a separate event, but the explosion of the accumulation of grievance. Of all the causes, the economic collapse, the change of Manchu policy toward Mongolia, and the fall of the Manchu empire are primary causes that concerned major environmental changes, and the role of Russia and personal experiences of some key actors are secondary causes. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。