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題 名 | 定型化勞動契約初探=Initial Detection for Patterned Labor Contract |
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作 者 | 李洙德; | 書刊名 | 暨大學報 |
卷 期 | 7:1 2003.06[民92.06] |
頁 次 | 頁83-110 |
分類號 | 556.41 |
關鍵詞 | 定型化勞動契約; 不平等性; 契約自由; 契約脫序; 勞動契約; Patterned labor contract; Uneqal; Contract freedom; Contract disorder; Labor contract; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 定型化勞動契約為現代大量交易型態下的產物,而定型化勞動契約之得以普及化,係因其具備效率化、合理化以及補充性之功能所致。定型化勞動契約係預先訂定一定之條款為契約內容,供不特定勞動者訂定多數契約之用之固定性契約條款,綜其特徵有:要式性,契約普遍性與繼續性、契約預先擬定以及契約雙方當事人之不平等性。定型化勞動契約之所以受制於企業經營者,乃是當事人間資力與智力懸殊,由於企業主的獨佔或寡佔,企業主擁有資金、原料、廠房甚至人力資源的選擇權;而相對人對工作機會之獲得又迫切之需要,因此企業者通常是站在優越之地位(Superior Position),而較弱的當事人(Weaker Party)僅是接受與否的相對人罷了。尤其近年來,高等教育之浮濫下,創造了更多同質性極高的替代性勞工,而這些勞動者對於契約內容則毫無討價還價的餘地。定型化勞動契約為現代勞動契約交易之重要工具,但另一方面,由於其係由契約之一方當事人預先擬定,而其隱含的目的就是在追求一方的最大利益為目標,很少甚至完全不顧契約相對人應有之保障,因此其具有下列幾項流弊:破壞契約自由原則,使成為企業經營者單方片面的自由、不合理分配契約風險、相對人責任加重、資力與智力無法相對抗衡。 契約自由並未能使各項有形無形之資源得以自由流通,除了顯示出政府對相關問題的不夠重視之外,還顯示出相關法令並無力真正矯正勞資之間的不對等關係,以及徹底發揮對弱勢者的保障。無疑地,我們可以這樣說,真實的世界裡,決定締約與否、及契約內容變更和契約關係結束自由的權力,事實上是掌控在權力及資訊的擁有者手上,我們真正看到的是,市場機制這隻看不見的手,透過契約運作所帶給我們的反而是大量的契約爭議,長久以來,我國勞資關係所呈現的面貌竟是「契約脫序」。勞動契約關係的互動,實際上是一種訂定契約的當事者在沒有選擇的自由下,所為的不得已選擇所產生的結果;而這種「不得已的選擇」,正導因於契約雙方當事人實質地位的不平等。亦即處在優勢地位的一方,對他方的自由意志所施的強制壓迫(coercion),這強制脅迫的來源,正如我們所見,明顯的是來自於契約雙方當事人之間武器(資源),同時包含對權力和資訊的掌握多寡不均的結果。 本文有關定型化勞動契約之概念在我國為首度提出,本文擬從定型化勞動契約所引發之基本問題作為出發點,並嚐試從憲法角度建立定型化勞動契約之理論,包括生存權、工作權與平等權等。 |
英文摘要 | Patterned labor contracts are the product of mass trading nowadays, and the reason why patterned labor contracts are popular is because they are effective, reasonable and supplementary. A patterned labor contract pre-marks certain items as its contents, providing non-specialized laborers fixed contract items which are applied by most contracts. The characteristics are fixed patterning, contract universality and continuation, contract pre-drafting, and inequality between two contract parties. The reason why patterned labor contracts are tied to the business managers is because of the huge discrepancy between the two contract parties. An entrepreneur owns the bankroll, material, plants, even the option of human resources, and people need the job opportunities badly. Therefore, an entrepreneur usually stands in a superior position, and the weaker party can only who choose to accept or refuse. Recently, due to the high popularity of higher education, there are more and more substitute laborers who have no other choices but to accept the contract contents. Patterned labor contracts are important tools for modern labor contract trading; however, one could pre-mark the contract items which indistinctly pursue the ultimate benefit for the superior party and have no concern about the rights at the other party of the contract, and that result in the following abuses: destroying the principle of contract freedom, freeing entrepreneurs' one-sided rights, unequally distributing contract risks, weighting the other party's duty and unbalancing the two parties' capital and intelligence. Contract freedom have not circulated every visible and invisible resources, which indicates that little emphasis government has put on relative issues and that relative laws have no power to correct the unequal between labor and capital and protect the weak. Undoubtedly, we can say that, in the real world, the power to control the contract making, contract modifuation and contract termination is truly in the hands of the power and information owners. What we see is that the invisible hand brings us mass contract argument through contract operation. For long, the relationship between the labor and the capital in Taiwan is 'Contract Disorder.' The interaction between the labor-capital relationship is in fact an outcome which is produced under the situation of no option offered to the party involved, and this 'no-option situation' results from the unequal position of the two contract parties. That is, the superior party will have coercion on the other party's free will, and this situation obviously comes from the different weapon-including power and information resources-owned by the two parties involved. This concept of patterned labor contract was preriously unknown in Taiwan. This article starts from the point of basic issues from patterned labor contract, and tries to build up a theory for patterned labor contract according to the constitution, including living right, working right, equal right, and so on. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。