頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 明代衛所與六部、督撫關係之研究=The Wei-So System of the Ming Dynasty Relations with Lu-Pu, Tu-Fu |
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作 者 | 劉振仁; | 書刊名 | 國立政治大學學報 |
卷 期 | 84 2002.07[民91.07] |
頁 次 | 頁227-266 |
分類號 | 591.86 |
關鍵詞 | 衛所制度; 六部; 督撫 官僚組織; 軍事制度; Wei-so system; Lu-pu; Tu-fu; Bureaucratic organization; Military system; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 衛所為明代軍事制度的基本單位,大體上由衛與所組成。衛分為京衛與外衛。京衛又可分為上直衛、南京衛、北京衛,分別隸屬君主、五軍都督府;外衛則分別隸屬於各都司、行都司或留守司。京衛、外衛下面的組織單位則是所,所分千戶所與百戶所。百戶所下有總旗二十人、小旗百人。舉凡軍政事項,乃由衛傳達到所,再由千戶督百戶、百戶下總旗、小旗,各自統率軍士聽令。六部、督撫為廣義官僚組織之一。所謂官僚組織,一般係指負責制訂、執行行政事務的機關,在明代當中,以吏、戶、禮、兵、刑、工六部最為重要。根據本文研究發現:明代衛所,因其本身為軍事組織的基層單位,故在實際運作上,除與其上級機關,如五軍都督府、都司,發生上下聯繫及指揮監督的關係外;在官僚組織中,由於戶、禮、兵、刑、工等部,負責掌管政府政策的執行,故在相關軍事業務上,衛所常須稟其命執行相關業務;另明代太僕寺負責馬政的相關事項,在專制王朝時期,馬政往往與軍事行動良窳密不可分。地方層級的督撫,從中後期之後,逐漸取代一般地方官,其職權甚至涵蓋地方一切民政行政庶務,其作為跟地方衛所間,更是產生直接的關連。 總體來說,明代包括六部、大理寺、督撫等在內的官僚組織,其對衛所的控制相當嚴密,故相對而言,明代衛所的自主性相當地低;而因六部等各機關間的職權劃分不甚明確,故缺乏效率乃是當時最明顯之寫照。類似問題始終無法獲得解決,一直到明帝國滅亡為止。 |
英文摘要 | The Wei-so is the basic unit of Ming dynasty of military system It is composed by wei (衛) and so (所). The wei divides into jing-wei (京衛) with yi-wei (外衛). Jing-wei can divide into ch'in-chun wei (親軍衛), nanjing-wei, beijing-wei separately subordinates the empires and wu chun tu-tu fu (五軍都督府). Yi-wei then separately subordinates at each tu-ssu (都司), shi tu—ssu (行都司) or liu shou-ssu (留守司). Jing-wei, yi-wei organization unit then is so divides ch'ien-hu so (千戶所) and po-hu so (百戶所). Under po-hu so have tsung-chi (總旗) 20person, sheuy-chi (小旗) hundred people. All military administration event is transmitted institute by wei again is so; po-hu so under tsung-chi, pennant by ch'ien-hu so individually commands sergeant obyes orders. Bureaucrat organizes generally if refers to responsible for to draw up, carries out administration institution. The lu-pu (六都) of the Ming dynasty is most import by li (吏), hu (戶), leel (禮), bin (兵), shin (刑), gau (工). Studies discovery according to this article: the Wei-so is the Ming dynasty because of it itself for military organization's basic unit therefore in actual operation except if higher organ like wu chun tu-tu fu, tu-ssu all takes charge of occurs about relations and outside direction surveillance relations. Organizes in bureaucrat as a result of hu, leel, bin, gau Pu and so on execution which responsibly governs government policy therefore at correlation military affairs service the wei-so often must report its life execution correlation service. In addition the Tai-bur shis (太僕寺) is responsible for horse politics connected event in despotic dynasty time horse politics quality is often dense with military action can not to divide. Local level tsung-tu (總督) and hsun-fu (巡 撫), gradually substitutes for general local official from center later period its authority even contains covers place all civil administration it takes for with local wei-so more is produces direct correlation. To sum up, the lu-pu、tu-fu of the Ming dynasty is quite strict control on wei-so. Therefore the independency of wei-so is low. The division is not very clear that the functions of each institution, therefore lacked efficiency is most obviously. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。