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題 名 | 論《管子》的匡世經綸之道=Ways to Manage People and the World: Perspectives Seen in Kuan-Tzi |
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作 者 | 趙敏芝; | 書刊名 | 人文藝術學報 |
卷 期 | 1 民91.03 |
頁 次 | 頁139-156 |
分類號 | 121.61 |
關鍵詞 | 管子; 治道; Kuan-Tzi; Ways to rule people; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 管仲名夷吾,字仲,潁上人。卒於周襄王七年,西元前六四五年。當時,中國內部因諸侯沉亂,周天子對諸侯失去控制力,天下無所謂統一之事。又因屢遭鄰國戎狄的交相侵伐,「南夷北狄夜,中不絕若線。」故而成了他「安中國,尊王室,攘夷狄」的治道理念。 《史記;管晏列傳》記述了其一生為政的藝術: 管仲既任相齊,以區區之齊在海濱,通化積財,富國強兵,與俗好惡。故其稱曰:倉廩實而知禮節,衣食足而知榮辱。上服度,則六親固。四維不張,國乃滅亡。下令如流水之原,令順民心。故論卑而易行。俗之所欲,因而予之;俗之所否,因而之。其為政也,善因禍而為福,轉敗而為功。責輕重,慎權衡。~~故曰知與之為取。政之寶也。 本文論其匡世經綸之道,就是經由上述內容區分成:治道之本、治道之要及治道之終極目標三者來論之。治道之本,《管子》認定人性的價值乃在「欲利而惡害」,故其根本態度,雖看似非粹儒性,卻自然逼出「凡眾者,愛之則親,利之則至~~愛施俱行」〈版法解〉的仁政結果來。也因此《管子》必然通以「富國強兵,與俗同好惡。」為其具體內容。至於治道之要,則以禮義治國,尚賢使能,嘖室之議,法令必信,賞罰平等,端正經俗為主。最後治道的終極目標,在於安民。《管子》反覆論述「得天下之眾(民心)者,王」〈霸言〉之意;並以治道之要助成「身佚而天下治」〈任治〉的最高理想。可見人君的權力來源實來自『人民』,其君尊,亦不過是為了實施「俗之所欲,因而予之;俗之所否,因而去之。」之工具。 故可知《管子》經世治民之思想,原受儒家影響較多,并兼採百家之長;針對整個時局之需要,在禮樂不彰、王制不存的現狀下,提出『道德與法律』齊頭並舉的治道體系。就其其功言,管仲佐桓公,明約束,尊王攘夷,維護華夏文化之統,此即「存亡,繼絕世」之大功業,難怪孔子會以『仁』許之! |
英文摘要 | This article discusses the positive ways to manage society and life, which are enthusiastically addressed in the book Kuan-Tzi. The article contents are divided into three parts: (1)The way to rule people, (2)the importance to rule people, and (3)the final goals to rule people. Kuan-Tzi claims that the basic rule for managing people is to identify the human tendency to pursue things beneficial and avoid things harmful. While the tone of voice may should un-Confucius, this thought leads to the establishment of ren jeng, or benevolent politics. It is a type of system in which the lord loves his people and his kindness is greatly endeared by the ruled. Likewise, Kuan-Tzi emphasizes one principle for the ruler, namely “By showing empathy with the general people, he can make his country richer and his army stronger.” The key principles for politics management, as described by this book, lie in: (1)ruling the country with politeness and justice; (2)respecting moral people and employ the capable ones; (3)permitting criticism or discussion of public policies; (4)holding the citizens reliable to laws; (5)maintaining an equal standard for punishment and reward; (6)putting straight political policies and social norms. The ultimate goal of managing citizens and the world is to make people feel settled. This is aligned with an argument in the book, “The one who can win the hearts of people will legitimately act as the king.” |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。