查詢結果分析
來源資料
頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 二千年美國總統選舉及其缺失析述=The US Presidential Election in 2000: Characteristics and Defects |
---|---|
作 者 | 雷飛龍; | 書刊名 | 選舉研究 |
卷 期 | 8:1 2001.05[民90.05] |
頁 次 | 頁1-23 |
分類號 | 574.525521 |
關鍵詞 | 總統選舉人團; 少數選民票總統; 投票日; 選票設計; 驗票; 用手重算; 長票; 短票運動; 統一驗票標準; 平等保障原則; College of the presidential elections; Minority president; Polling day; Ballot design; Canvassing; Hand recounting; Long ballot; Short ballot movement; Unified standard of canvassing; Principle of equal production; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 公元二千年的美國總統選舉,民主黨的高爾雖獲較多的選民票,但共和黨的布希,卻在佛羅里達州以極小多數贏得該州及較多的總統選舉人票當選總統。由於佛州法律規定,勝者票數未超過0.5%時,可以重新計票,在重新計票時,因無一定標準決定選票有效無效,爭訟到聯邦最高法院,由其判決驗票標準不一,有違平等保障選民原則,而制定統一標準重新驗票,又為時間所不許,故只能依原先機器統計結果,由布希贏得佛羅里達州,及美國總統職位。聯邦最高法院的判決,不少人認為有黨派之私,但也有人認為總統選舉投票後三十多天,尚未確定何人當選,社會已感不安,不得不以「快刀斬亂麻」方式解決,以期安定政局。 此次總統選舉,高爾多得選民票三十萬左右,以統計誤差2%計,實不算多,堪稱為不相上下的選舉。就統計結果言,布希得較多男性、白人、較高學歷及較高所得者的支持;高爾則獲較多女性、90%的黑人、較多少數族群、低學歷、低所得選民的擁護。其所以如此,則因布希的政見,較近於傳統的白人價值觀,對富人、石油業及軍火業者較為有利之故。 此次選舉暴露美國總統選舉制度的缺失甚多,尤以下列三者為最:(1)總統選舉人制度會產生少數選民支持的總統 ( minority presi-dent ),(2)廢票太多,(3)選舉由地方主辦,選票設計、投票方法、驗票標準不一。總統選舉人之存廢,涉及聯邦制度,暫時無法解決。廢票多,涉及民選職位多,參選漫無限制,選民知識不足,及投票機器老舊等因素。民選職位多,參選無限制,乃因短票運動尚未成功,仍待繼續努力;選民知識不足,須待提高教育,累積經驗,不久應可改善。投票機器老舊,只要聯邦補助經費,購買或研究出新機器,即可解決。由於選舉由地方主辦,因而紛歧錯雜的問題,則需將聯邦職位的選舉改由聯邦立法,似乎牽涉州權,暫時尚無成議。不過由於此次選舉的缺失,使全美上下均感有改進必要,失敗為成功之母,也許此次覆轍,將來不會再現。 |
英文摘要 | The US presidential election of 2000 is an unique event in American history. At the polling day, the Democratic Al Gore won statewide popu-lar vote, but Republican George W. Bush won the majority of the presi-dential elections. Because Bush won the Florida election by less than 0.5% popular votes which would subject to challenge of recounting asked by the contenders. Due to lack of an unified standard on what counted as an effective vote in the process of hand recounting, disputes arose and were appealed at last to the Federal Supreme Court. It decided finally that no unified standard used in the hand recounting process violated the constitutional principle of equal protection right of the people and there was no time left to try to fix the errors identified in the recounting pro-cesses, so that the original machine counted results had to be recognized and gave the Florida election and the US president to Republican George W. Bush. Some body Blamed the Federal Supreme Court's decision was made along party lines because seven of the nine Supreme Court judges were ap-pointed by Republican presidents. But others considered the Court did a good service to the United States in a time of anxiety and uneasiness when the result of presidential election was still unknown after 35 days of polling. It brought the United States out of confusion and gridlock. The popular votes which Gore won more than that of Bush was about 300,000 was not a great number in view of the possible 2% statistical er-ror, so this presidential election did not provide really a clear cut winner. In terms of group supporting, Bush got more support from the male, the white, better educated and wealthier people, while Gore won more sup-port of the female, 90% blacks, the racial minorities, lower educated and income groups. This may be because that Bush's policies were oriented to the traditional value systems of the white and the rich people and with the advantage of the oil and arm industries. Many problems and defects appeared in this election, the most noto-rious three are: (1) The college of presidential electors produced minority president, (2) too many waste ballots, (3) election conducted by local governments produced various ballot designs and voting methods, and dif-ferent ballot caurassing standards. The college of presidential elections is a part of the American federal systems and can not be rejected immediate-ly. Waste ballots were produced by long ballot, poor education of some voters, and old voting machines. The problem of long ballot was the re-sult of too many positions elected popularly and too many candidates for one position. Therefore, the short ballot movement has to be strength-ened again. Poor education of the voters may be improved in the future by more education and experience. The problem of unusable voting machines can be resolved by more funds granted from the federal government. Likewise, elections of federal positions can be conducted by local govern-ment but under federal regulations and with federal funds. So the prob-lems of different ballot design, and voting methods and ballot canvassing standards can be solved. In short, the Americans have been awakened by the defects of this election and felt that it is ashamed to the United States and determined to get rid of it. It may be hoped that these defects will not appear in the fu-ture. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。