頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 曹魏禁衛武官制度考論=The Capital Garrison Institution in the Wei Dynasty (220-265) |
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作 者 | 張金龍; | 書刊名 | 漢學研究 |
卷 期 | 19:2=39 2001.12[民90.12] |
頁 次 | 頁221-247 |
分類號 | 573.4122 |
關鍵詞 | 曹魏; 禁衛武官制度; 中領軍; 中護軍; 五校; Wei dynasty; Military official garrison system; Lingjun general; Hujun general; Five field officers; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 繼承漢魏之際曹操霸府的禁衛之制,曹魏王朝確立了以領軍和護軍將軍為主體的禁衛武官制度。曹魏一代,領軍將軍、護軍將軍少見,而以資輕於將軍之中領軍、中護軍為制度常態。領軍、護軍分掌宮城內、外禁衛軍,維護以宮殿-宮城為中心的京師安全,尤其保衛皇帝(後期以司馬氏權臣為主)更是禁衛武官職責的核心所在。隨著司馬氏權力的膨帳,宮城內禁衛的重要性讓位於宮城外禁衛,領軍地位下降,而護軍地位上升。武衛將軍掌殿內禁衛,在曹魏前期頗為機要。領軍所主三營之一的中壘將軍始設於明帝時而又一度被廢。此外又曾臨時設置過掌宮城內禁衛的中堅、驍騎、游擊將軍。漢代重要禁衛武官五校尉存在於曹魏一朝,隸領軍掌宮城內禁衛,其所領營兵比東漢大為減少,但機要性有所增強。典志載曹魏領軍「主五校、中壘、武衛三營」,但在不同政局下領軍所主諸營有一定變化;又謂「護軍隸領軍」,然並無史料佐證,至少司馬氏專政後領、護軍地位相當,且一度不設領軍,二者不可能有隸屬關係。護軍又有「主武官選」的職能,領、護軍共主武官選之說無史實根據,難以成立。 |
英文摘要 | Continuing the garrison institution by Cao Cao 曹操 of the Eastern Han and Three Kingdom period (208-219), the garrison institution of the Wei empire (220-265) also designated the positions of lingjun general 領軍將軍 and hujun general 護軍將軍 as head military leaders. During this period such generals were rare, with the lower-level zhong lingjun 中領軍 and zhong hujun 中護軍 being more common. The generals were in charge of the garrison troops in the inner and outer capital city, the security of the palace and royal residence, and most importantly guarding the emperor, which eventually became the duty of the Sima 司馬 minister. The position of wuwei general 武衛將軍, which received great confidence by the former Cao Wei 曹魏, was in charge of the inner palace. However, with the expansion of the Sima family's power, the importance of the inner palace was replaced by that of the outer palace. As a result, the positions of the lingjun and wuwei generals were lowered, while that of hujun general was raised. Many other positions changed in status as well. For instance, the zhonglei general 中壘將軍, originally one of the three commanders established by Emperor Ming 明帝 under the command of the lingjun, ceased to exist in the Wei dynasty. In addition, three new positions were added as provisional positions as well: the zhongjian 中堅, xiaoqi 驍騎 and youji 游擊 generals. The Five Field Officers (wuxiao 五校), important military officials which were unique to the Wei dynasty, were under the lingjun and in charge of the inner palace. The number of soldiers under their control decreased remarkable compared to the Eastern Han dynasty, while their functions became less disclosed as well. Historical records have stated that the lingjun general in the Wei dynasty "was in charge of the troops under the Five Field Officers as well as the zhonglei and wuwei generals," however, the troops it controlled varied in different periods. Another viewpoint holds that the "hujun general was under the lingjun general," but little evidence supports his theory. Since the Sima 司馬氏 dictatorship, the lingjun and hujun generals held almost the same status, and the linjun position was abolished at some point. Evidently, no affiliation was present among the three positions. As the hujun general selected military officials, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that their selection increased the power held by both the lingjun and hujun generals. To think otherwise would be unfounded. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。