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題 名 | 從聚落到「城邦」--從系統分化的觀點重構上古社會結構轉變的嘗試=From the Settlement to the 'City-state': A Reconstruction of the Structural Transformation of Society in the Ancient Time from the Viewpoint of System Differentiation |
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作 者 | 湯志傑; | 書刊名 | 新史學 |
卷 期 | 12:1 2001.03[民90.03] |
頁 次 | 頁1-52 |
分類號 | 545.4 |
關鍵詞 | 系統理論; 分支分化; 階層分化; 中心/邊陲--分化; 分支宗族; 政治領導; 禮器; 功績英雄; 祖先神話; 世襲領導; 戰爭; 城市; 國家; System theory; Segmentary differentiation; Stratification; Center/periphery-differentiation; Segmentary lineage; Political leadership; Ritual vessel; Meritorious hero; Myth of ancestor; Hereditary leadership; War; City; State; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本文以上古時期聚落到城邦的演變過程為探討的對象,試圖說明不對稱如何能夠從以平等為原則的分支分化社會中產生出來,以致出現了身份等級差異與政治領導,並進而得以向階層分化及中心╱邊陲──分化的形式轉變的過程。從系統分化的形試是社會這個系統曘主要的結構這個觀點出發,作者認為,禮制(尤其是禮器)、分支宗族、功績英雄、祖先神話、世襲領導、戰辭、城鄉皆化等因素,在結構上均具有引發不對稱的潛能。當這些因素的相互交織造成了偏差不斷強化的正回饋現象時,社會結構的轉變就成了不可逆的趨勢,終使得聚落共同體的大同之世轉型為「城郭溝池以為固,禮義以為紀」的城邦時代。 |
英文摘要 | This paper examines the transformation from settlements to city-states in ancient China, attempting to explain how asymmetries could emerge from a segmentarily differentiated society which was established based on the principle of equality, and how they could bring about the different social status and the political leadership which in turn made the transformation to the form of stratification and center/periphery-differentiation possible. From the viewpoint that the form of the system differentiation is the main structure of society as a system, the author identifies the ritual (especially ritual vessels), the segmentary lineage, the meritorious hero, the myth of ancestors, the hereditary leadership, war and the differentiation between the cities and the country as factors having potential to structurally produce asymmetries. When the interweaving of these factors led to the phenomenon of positive feedback that continuously amplified the deviance, the structural transformation of society thus became an irreversible tendency. As a result, the settlements of equalitarian community were transformed to the "civilized" city-states which fenced themselves with city-walls and moats. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。