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題名 | 南北源流交匯處:沖繩與那國島人群起源神話傳說的比較研究=A Confluence of Southern and Northern Cultural Currents: A Comparative Study of the Origin Mythology of Yonaguni, Okinawa |
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作者 | 黃智慧; | 書刊名 | 中央研究院民族學研究所集刊 |
卷期 | 89 2000.06[民89.06] |
頁次 | 頁207-235 |
分類號 | 539.5232 |
關鍵詞 | 黑潮; 環東臺灣海; Sunasai傳說; 與那國島; 犬婿傳說; Black current; Circum-east Taiwan sea; Legend of Sunasai; Yanaguni island; Legend of the dog bridegroom; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 琉球與臺灣雖然在自然地理位置上密切相連,然而人群互相往來所留下的歷史記載 十分闕如,其民族間的關聯性猶如「失落的環節」,迄今尚無有力的學說加以解釋。尤其 是位處臺灣東北近海的八重山群島,其民族學研究多偏向與北方日本民族的比較研究, 欠缺與臺灣各族群的比較觀點。筆者於九○年代以後進入八重山群島中距離臺灣最近的 與那國島進行田野調查工作,發現今日與那國島有關人群起源的數則神話傳說具有由北 南下的傳說,與從南方北上的傳說二者並存的狀態。本文首先將說明筆者於田野中所見 與那國島神話傳說在社會生活脈絡中的傳承狀況,之後將焦點置於與那國島四則有關人 群起源傳說神話的比較研究上:(一)人群從南方起源的「太陽所」(Tidan Duguru)神話, 論證該起源傳說,應當屬盛行於臺灣北海岸與東海岸族群的「Sunasai 傳說圈」之一;(二) 有關浩劫餘生傳說二則--「得那達縱穴」(Donada-abu) 傳說中的「同胞配偶型」要素, 與另一則「仲間曾根」(Nagama-suni)傳說中的母系繼承的要素常見於臺灣東部諸族群, 而這二者卻未見於八重山諸島以北地區;(三)人群從北方漂流至此的「犬婿」(Inugang) 傳說,福田晃曾闢文分析這則神話的傳播情形。筆者經由與臺灣及華南的類似神話相比 較分析的結果,得出不同結論。筆者認為這個傳說與日本各地二十九例較為相近,應該 是由北往南傳播的傳說。透過與那國島人群起源傳說的兩個源流之解讀,亦即南下與北 上的傳說並存的狀態,筆者試圖在臺灣與沖繩之間的關聯性課題上,提出從與那國島引 發的一些思考,裨有助於釐清東臺灣海域島嶼文化的特性。 |
英文摘要 | Even though Okinawa and Taiwan are very close in terms of geographical propinquity, their ethnic compositions are distinct, being Okinawan and (speakign of the aborigines only ) Austronesian respectively. The historical record leaves a lacuna with regard to the interactions between these two population groups, and their ethnic affinity remain a "missing link," yet to be accounted for any convincing explication. The Yaeyama Archipelago, located within a short distance from the northeastern coast of Taiwan, presents an especially significant case. Ethnological research of these islands has tended to study their populations in relation to ethnic groups of Japan to the north, failing to make any in-depth comparative investigation of the ethnic relationship between Yaeyama and Taiwan. In two papers published in 1952 and 1972, Toichi Mabuchi tries to trace this relationship through oral tradition, but without definite result. During the 90's I conducted fieldwork on Yonaguni Island, which is the nearest to Taiwan geographically. In my research I have gathered some myths and legends related to ethnic origin, and these narratives indicate both a north-to-south and a south-to-north trajectory of population movement. This paper presents, first, the social context within which the folklore has been transmitted on Yonaguni Island. Subsequently, the discussion will be focused on a comparative analysis of four Yonaguni Island narratives about population origin. 1)The myth titled Tidan Dugurn speaks of a place of the islander's origin far away to the south. I try to demonstrate that this origin myth is a version of the Sunasai complex, which is prevalent among the ethnic groups of Taiwan's north and east coasts. The most important evidence for my argument comes from Nenozo Utsushikawa's (1936) account of the Sunasai myth recorded among the Kavalan people,and the Sunasai myth in Kavalana language gathered by Jun Shimizu (1985), also among the Kavalan people. 2)A prominent feature in Donada-abu legend of disaster-and-survival adventures is "sibling marriage, " which is frequently encountered in Taiwan. Also, martilineal inheritance, a topic occurring in a Nagama-suni legend, is quite common among the ethnic groups of eastern Taiwan. These two features, significantly, are both absent in the mythologies of the islands north of Yaeyama Archipelago. 3)the course of transmission of the legend that Yonaguni Islanders' ancestors have drifted to the islands from north, as given in Unugang stories, has been analyzed by the Japanese mythologist Akira Fukuda. With regard to this, I come to a different conclusion through a comparison of this legend and similar stories from Taiwan and southern China. I will maintain that this legend is more closely related to 29 versions from various locations of Japan, thus indicating it has taken a north-to-south route of transmission. With this explication of the different sources for Yonaguni Island's mythology of ethnic origin, my intention is to elucidate, from the vantage point of Yonaguni Island, the affinity between Taiwan and Okinawan, in the hope that this will help shed light on the cultural characteristics of the islands off Taiwan's east coast. The question still remains, however:How are we deal with the fact that various and contrasting types of origin myth come to co-exist on an island less than 30 square kilometers in size ﹖ This may well be a cultural characteristic of the islands off the east cost of Taiwan. I would conclude that this archipelago has been a point of confluence for myths and legends originating from different sources, which results in a state seeming discordance and inconsistency. In such a circumstance, therefore, culture elements from various historical periods can co-exist within the same space and at the same time. This is quite distinct from the stage-by-stage development model of the continental type, and it behooves our attention in our study of island cultures in the circum-east Taiwan Sea. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。