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題 名 | 同值同酬概念在美國所引起之爭議=Controversies Over the Concept of Comparable Worth in the United States |
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作 者 | 焦興鎧; | 書刊名 | 經社法制論叢 |
卷 期 | 26 2000.07[民89.07] |
頁 次 | 頁197-234 |
分類號 | 556.11 |
關鍵詞 | 兩性工作平等; 就業上性別歧視; 薪資報酬不平等; 職業區隔; 同工同酬; 同值同酬; 可比較價值; 一九六三年同酬法; Gender equality in employment; Sex discrimination in employmment; Wage inequities; Occupational segregation; Equal pay for equal work; Equal pay for equal value; Comparable worth; Equal pay act of 1963; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 在美國,有關兩性在職場上薪資報酬率不平等之爭議,一直是達成兩性工作平等理念之一大難題,而針對這種情形共有「同工同酬」及「同值同酬」兩項補救之道被提出。在前者之情形,過去三十多年來,透過國會之積極立法、行政機關監督執行,以及聯邦各級法院之各項判決,雖已釐清不少爭議,但兩性在薪資報酬上之差異,迄至一九九六年止,仍高達百分之二十六點二,一直是該國婦女團體交相指責之對象。至於後者之構想,雖曾在八○年代被廣泛討論,但卻始終未能成為主流,表現堪稱遠遜於其他歐洲工業先進國家。我國既有意剷除兩性在工資上所普遍存在之差異現象,對美國所實施同工同酬之經驗自可加以探討,至於有關同值同酬之概念,雖然短期內在我國並無實現之可能,但因其已成為各工業先進國家討論之重點殆無疑義,而美國這方面之相關著作及法院判決也為數甚夥,若能深入加以探討,或可為我國此一棘手爭議另尋一參考攻錯之道。 本文之目的,是要對美國實施同值同酬之經驗及引起之爭議,做一整體檢討評析。除序言外,全文共分八個部分:第一部分討論美國對兩性薪資報酬平等原則之各項法律及行政規則;第二部分分析同值同酬理論之產生背景與發展沿革,以及在美國之具體實施情形;第三部分則討論聯邦各級法院早期對此一原則所做成之各項判決;第四部分探討聯邦最高法院對此一原則所做之唯一判決,包括其重要事實、聯邦下級法院之判決,以及最高法院之多數及反對意見等;第五部分說明各級法院在說明各級法院在近期所做之各項詮釋;第六部分則討論此一理論在美國所面臨之各項批判;第七部分探討我國實施兩性薪資報酬平等原則之近況;最後,本文在結語中根據美國之經驗提出幾項建議,以做為我國改革現制之參考。 |
英文摘要 | Controversies over the issue of wage inequities between male and female employees have always become a major obstacle to attain the ideal of gender equality in employment in the United States. There are two major measures proposed to overcome this problem: equal pay for equal work and equal pay for equal value. In terms of the ideal of equal pay, after the passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the enforcement of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), and the decisions by various federal courts in the past thirty years, several controversies has been settled. However, the wage difference between male and female employees still stands at 26.2% by 1996 and has been strongly criticized by women's rights groups. As for the concept of equal pay for equal value, although of it has been widely discussed and debated in the 80s, the idea has never attained the "mainstream" status and its acceptance lags far behind that of in other European industrialized countries. The purpose of this paper is to make an over-all assessment and evaluation of the experience of and controversies over the practice of equal pay for equal value in the United States. Aside from introductory remarks, the paper are divided into six sections. First, it briefly describes all the related statutes and administrative regulations governing wage equities in the United States. Second, the paper traces the backgrounds and developments of the concept of "comparable worth" and its actual practice in that country. In the third section, the paper analyzes judicial attitude towards this concept. In addition to a number of early and recent cases rendered by the federal lower courts, the only decision ruled by the Supreme Court-County of Washington v. Gunther, including its facts, opinions of the lower courts and the majority and dissenting opinions of the Court, are also discussed. Fourth, the paper examines a number of critiques encountered by this theory in the Sates. In the fifth section, it examines the phenomenon of wage inequality in Taiwan. finally, the paper offers several proposals arising from the American experience in order to reform the current practice in Taiwan. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。