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題 名 | An Analysis of Direct Questioning and Pictorial Thematic Interviewing as Two Methods of Measuring Ideal Family Size and Son Preference=直接詢問與圖式主題訪問:測量理想子女數目與的兩種方法 |
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作 者 | 楊國樞; | 書刊名 | 中華心理學刊 |
卷 期 | 17 1975.12[民64.12] |
頁 次 | 頁85-103 |
關鍵詞 | 直接詢問; 圖式主題訪問; 子女數目; 重男輕女; |
語 文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 本文的主要目的有二:(1)探討直接問句在形式與內容上的不同對受訪者的生育偏好反應所產生的影窖,(2)研究以直接詢問(direct questioning)與圖式主題訪問(pictorial thematic interviewing)兩種方法所獲生育偏好反應的差異。後項方法是一種投射程序(projective procedure),所用的工具是七張特別設計的TAT式圖片,所論的內容皆與結婚或家庭情境有關。以此法進行訪問時,每次交給受訪者一張圖片,訪問者先就圖中主題作說明,然後再就圖中人物的生育偏好、態度及感受等,詢問數個特殊問題,受訪者根據自已的最佳推測作答。研究所用的受訪者包括丈夫與妻子各161人,共計322人。訪問工作是在各受訪者的住處從事,採用個別的方式進行。本研究的主要發現如下: (1)根據直接詢問的資料,可得數項理想子女數目的指標,而此等指標間都有相當程度的正相關。以直接詢問資料所得的幾項男孩偏好指標間,也有同樣的情形,只是其相關程度較理想子女數目的指標為低。後一事實似乎暗示男孩偏好指標的信度(reliability)低於理想于女數目的指標。 (2)在各直接問句中,以涉及受訪者本人的問旬所得的平均理想子女人數,大於以涉及他人的問句所得的平均理想子女人數。 (3)不管問句中所指謂者為個人或團體,或所指謂者與受訪問者有無親近關係,以涉及他人的各直接問句所得的平均理想子女人數都大致相近。 (4)根據圖式主題訪問的資料,可得數項理想子女人數的指撓,但此等指標問的相關係數封互有高低。同樣的情形也見之於根據圖式主題訪問資料所得的各項男孩偏好指標。 (5)丈夫組的理想男孩數高於其貿有男孩數,而其理想女孩數則低於實有女孩數;妻子組的理想女孩數低於其實有女孩數,但其理想男孩數與實有男孩數間卸並無差異。由此看來,中國丈夫的子女性別偏好似乎是雙向的(同時強調男孩的正價值與女孩的負價值),而申國妻子的子女性別偏好卸是單向的(只強調女孩的負價值)。 (6)無論是理想子女數目或男孩偏好傾向,以直接詢問與圃式主題訪問兩種方法所得的數值互成柏當的正相關。由此等結果看來,在猜測圖中人物的生育偏好、態度及感受時,受訪者所作的反應會受到自已的生育偏好、態度及感受的影響。簡言之,在圖式主題訪問的過程中的確有投射作用的產生。 (7)就理想子女人數與男孩偏好傾向而言,以直接詢問與岡式主題訪問兩種方法所得的數值雖有柏當的正相關,但其絕對值邦並未高到兩類指標可以相互替用的程度。 (8)用涉及他人的直接問句所得的平均理想子女人數,近似於用相對應的圖式主題問句所得的平均理想子女人數。此項結果似乎暗示以直接詢問法所得的反應並未受到禮貌偏向(courtesy bias)、社會喜好(social desirability)及自我防衛(self-defensiveness)等因素的嚴重影響。 (9)以直接詢問與圖式主題訪問兩種方法所得的各項理想子女人數指標與實有子女人數的相關係數雖有統計上的顯著性,但其絕對值卻甚低。至於實有子女的性別組合與兩種方法所得的各項男孩偏好指標間的相關程度,則尤可予以忽略。 |
英文摘要 | The purpose of the present paper is to use the relevant data collected in a study on psychological correlates of ideal family size, son preference, and birth control to evaluate the effects of differences in wording among various direct questions on the respondent's fertility-related responses and to find out the differences between preferences in the number and sex of children obtained by the direct-questioning method and those by the pictorial thematic interviewing. A total of 322 native Chinese (161 husbands and 161 wives) in Taiwan served as respondents and they were all individually interviewed at their own places. The major findings were: (1) While the direct question worded with a respondent directed referent gave a greater mean of ideal family size than did the direct questions with an other(s)-directed referent, the latter type of questions tended to give comparable ideal numbers of children whether the referent is specified as an individual or a group, whether a reference to some point of time is made or not, and whether the referent has a close relationship with the respondent or not. (2) There was a tendency for the two sets of measures of ideal family size and son preference obtained by direct questioning and thematic interviewing to positively correlate with each other, indicating the occurrence of the process of generalized projection on the part of the respondent when interviewed by means of the pictorial thematic procedure. (3) The means of ideal family size obtained by the direct questions phrased with an other(s) directed referent were comparable to those obtained by the corresponding thematic questions, suggesting that the validity of the responses to the direct questions as measures of ideal family size was not seriously affected by the factors of courtesy bias, social desirability, and self-defen-siveness on the part of the respondent. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。