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題 名 | 傳統與創新--清朝國史館暨民初清史館纂修列傳體例初探=Tradition and New Ideas--A Discussion of Official Annals Compiled by the State Historiographer's Office and the Ch'ing Historiographer's Office |
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作 者 | 莊吉發; | 書刊名 | 故宮學術季刊 |
卷 期 | 25:3 2008.03[民97.03] |
頁 次 | 頁69-124 |
分類號 | 627 |
關鍵詞 | 國史館; 清史館; 正史; 貳臣傳; 儒林傳; State historiographer's office; Ch'ing historiographer's office; Official histories; Er-ch'en Chuan; Ju-lin Chuan; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 清朝是我國歷代以來最後一個朝代,清史的纂修就是我國歷代正史紀傳體中的最後一個階段。本文撰寫的旨趣,主要是利用現存清朝國史館暨民初清史館所纂修的各種列傳稿,探討清史列傳的纂修體例,藉以了解清朝國史館暨民初清史館纂修清史的得失。全文除前言、結語外,共包括六小節:一、開國功臣立傳以事蹟先後定次第;二、宗室王公區分軍功與恩封;三、蒙古回部王公按照部落纂立表傳;四、貳臣類傳以甲乙上中下分編;五、大臣畫一傳歸類分卷;六、纂輯彙傳以類相從。 歷代修史,講求體例。清朝國史館暨民初清史館,都繼承了我國歷代纂修正史的傳統,重視修史體例,有傳承,也有創新。列傳的纂輯,沿襲以類相從的體例,將歷史人物分類集中編排。一方面將大臣列傳按時代先後,以類相從立傳;一方面沿襲歷代正史合傳體例,分門別類纂輯彙傳。表傳並列者,可知其人的善惡瑕瑜;有傳無表者,乃因其人有事蹟,實可表彰;有表無傳者,乃因其人無足置議。 明末諸臣降清後,雖有表現,但因其身事兩朝,大節有虧,乾隆皇帝命國史館另立貳臣表傳,雖屬創新,卻使不少清初開國功臣成了負面的歷史人物。清史館淡化處理降臣,將貳臣移置於大臣傳或文苑傳,不以修史體例褒貶人物,有其客觀性。從儒林傳的纂修,可以反映國史館暨清史館漢學、宋學並列的立傳義例。探討修史體例,有助於了解清史的特色。 |
英文摘要 | The Ch'ing was the last dynasty in Chinese history, and the Ch'ing imperial compilations were the last installment of the official annals and biographies. The objective of this article is to use annals compiled by the State Historiographer's Office and the early Republican period Ch'ing Historiographer's office to analyze the layout of these historical works as well as their gains and losses. The article is divided into six main sections: the biographies of meritorious service rendered at the beginning o the dynasty; the royal family, princes, nobility, and their titles; the emperors and nobility of the Manchu and Hui as recorded in their tribal records; turncoat officials and their relative offenses; standardized biographies of high ministers; and a compilation of biographies organized by similar attributed. These official histories were very carefully organized; both the State Historiographer's office and the Ch'ing Historiographer's Office were mindful of this historical tradition. When compiling histories, they both consulted previous works and created new methods. For instance, the categories remained similar, organizing historical figures into like groups. Ministers were organized by historical periods, with the biographies of similar figures grouped together. Another continuation of tradition was the collective biographies, where individual biographies were put into categories. The juxtaposition of these writings allowed a reader to easily determine the relative merits of the individuals described. Those included has genuine achievements that could be clearly documented. Those excluded were not historically significant. During the transition from the Ming to Ch'ing dynasties, high officials that defected to the Ch'ing lost their political integrity. When new categories were created for the historical annals compiled during the reign of the Ch'ien-lung emperor, many high ministers from the early Ch'ing were grouped with disgraced officials and thus cast in a negative light. The State Historiographer's office lightened the criticism of these officials, re-categorizing them as either ministers or literary figures. Despite this organizational change, the State historiographer's Office withheld judgment, remaining objective. From the biographies of Confucian scholars compiled by the State Historiographer's Office and the Ch'ing Historiographer's Office, it is possible to understand the approach both institutions took towards the organization of their works. A discussion of this organizational method can help scholars to better understand the characteristics of Ch'ing history. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。