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題 名 | 書房、書院與鸞堂--試探清末和日據時代臺灣的宗教演變=From School to Spirit-Writing Cult: A Study on Religious Changes in Late Ch'ing and Japanese Colonial Taiwan |
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作 者 | 宋光宇; | 書刊名 | 國家科學委員會研究彙刊. 人文及社會科學 |
卷 期 | 8:3 1998.07[民87.07] |
頁 次 | 頁373-395 |
分類號 | 209.232 |
關鍵詞 | 書房; 書院; 鸞堂; 文人性儒家; 宗教性儒家; Schools; Spirit-writing cult; Literary confucianism; Religious confucianism; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 臺灣在清末割讓給日本的時候,有一千七百多間的書房和四十五間書院,受業學 生三萬人以上。日本殖民統治之後,書院幾乎摧殘迨盡,可是書房卻只是緩慢的沒落。有不 少的書房成功的轉變成為鸞堂,在光復以後,有一些殘存的書院也相率加入鸞堂的行列,終 而復興起來。這種轉變的關鍵就在於扶乩活動。在明清兩代,扶乩是文人墨客的遊藝活動, 臺灣的文人也承受這個風氣,在清光緒年間,地方上的士人就在他們的書房扶乩寫訓成或是 開藥方,以濟渡世人。同時,也用各種因果報應故事作為書房書院的教材。臺灣的文人自認 為這就是儒家的教化。於是,儒家就可以分成文人性的儒家和宗教性的儒家,兩者是相輔相 成的。在日據時代,日本政府一方面大力扶持文人性的儒家活動,另一方面卻是大力鎮壓宗 教性的儒家活動。可是,臺灣的文人卻是利用文人色彩來掩護宗教性的儒家活動,終而使書 房成功的轉化為鸞堂。 |
英文摘要 | In Late Ch'ing Taiwan, there were 1707 private schools and 30,000 students. After the Japanese colonized Taiwan in 1895, the formal education system was dismantled by the Japanese colonial authority, and a new education system gradually installed. Before this time school teachers and local gentry commonly took part in spirit-writing activities in both Late Ch'ing China and Taiwan. After Taiwan became a Japanese colony, many of these teachers and members of the local gentry moved from the formal schools to shrines where they engaged in spirit-writing. Of the two different types of Confucianism in Late Ch'ing Taiwan, literary and religious, the spirit-writing cult exemplified the religious side of Confucianism. The Japanese colonial authority favored literary Confucianism but supressed its religious counterpart, in part because the spirit-writing cult led a movement in opposition to opium in the 1910s and hence reduced revenues from the annual opium tax. At the same time, the spirit-writing cult conveyed traditional Confucian values, including loyalty to the political authority and the criticism of social problems. Thus, the colonial government considered certain aspects of the cult conducive to a stable, submissive society. In the context of this ambivalent attitude of the government, the cult developed in the last half of Japanese colonial rule. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。