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題 名 | 互動平衡理論--從儒家倫範與正義觀點探討本土之和諧人際互動關係 |
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作 者 | 嚴奇峰; | 書刊名 | 中原學報 |
卷 期 | 22 1993.12[民82.12] |
頁 次 | 頁154-164 |
分類號 | 177.3 |
關鍵詞 | 互動平衡理論; 儒家倫範; 正義法則; Theory of harmonious interpersonal interaction; Confucian norms justice rules; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本文從文獻及觀念推論上,首先由歷史背景及社會環境簡述儒家社會思想的本質,乃在尋求組織系統(國、社會、家等)的和諧及安定。在這樣的目的下,儒家強調個人相應的角色及行為,即確定各種「名」(倫理規範〉來導正日益偏差的「實」(自利與紊亂),亦即說明儒家倫範具有強烈的「規範」意義。而這種規範存在於人們日常生活的交往經驗中,即當需維持人際交往的和諧與安定時,穩定的「交換」的觀念是不可或缺的,此的中國人的「報」。由於儒家承認人性自利的社會事實,而自利是社會紊亂的可能根源,故傾向內「寡欲」而非外求「權利」,在普遍傾向「反求諸己」的情形下,儒家倫範自然較偏重「義務性」觀念,亦即個人應根據其角色表現合宜的行為。而合宜的觀念在儒家倫範中即「義」,就「正義觀」的角度考察,需要、均等及公平法則皆合乎正義的要求。雖然「義」在儒家思維中是優先考慮的,但「自利」卻也是人類求生存的根本動力,因此在人性自利與儒家倫範觀念之糾結下,型塑出中國人各種不同的人際互動方式。本文基於和諧的目的,並根據文獻推論和已有實證結果,提出人際間「互動平衡理論」的觀點,不論個人與他人處於垂直的上下關係,或處於水平的交往關係時,有利或強勢的一方宜傾向採取均等(equality)法則進行互動,而不利或弱勢的一方宜採取公平(equity)法則進行互動,這是個雙方都能接受的互動模式。每一個體均在符合倫範(規範性)、自發行為(義務性)及合乎禮數(正義觀〉的條件下,進行人與人之間的互動與回報(交換性),如此即可在不違背人性自利的前提下,達致儒家所冀求的和諧 、安定之人際互動目的。本文所提「互動平衡理論」之本意,即試圖在今日正值傳統向現代思潮轉化與過渡的時期,除了一般管理教育中所訴求之西方平等理性互動方式外,也提供本土的對等情感互動方式,期使個人行為方式與組織文化內涵的搭配上,有較清楚的依據和較寬廣的選擇。 |
英文摘要 | This quaIitative research tries to estabIish a theory of harmonious interpersonal interaction in the context of Chinese culture. And the author reasons this cultural-specific theory by literaturecontents and empirical research findings. The ultimate goal of Confucian norms is to formulate a harmonious as well as stable society. These norms compose the natures of normality, reciprocity and obligation so as to reach that idealistic goal. From the justice point of view, equality rule and equity rule are both accepted by most societies. Chinese society also takes these two rules to regulate interpersonal exchange behavior (reciprocity). This theory of harmonious interpersonal interaction shows that under the conditions of "dyad (unit of analysis)" and "mixed relationship (defined situation)," the relatively advantageous person (the giver, resource dominator and/or powerful person) should interact with his/her counterpart by "equality rule." However, the relatively disadvantageous person (the taker, resource acceptant and/or powerless person) should interact with his/her counterpart by "equity rule." They will finally reach a both-satisfied "compromised resolution" although this interaction process takes time. Therefore, this kind of dyadic interpersonal interaction will stablize their long-term relationship ín most cases. This theory takes normality, reciprocity and obligation (natures of Confucian norms) into account, it is a cultural-specific theory when explainning harmonious interpersonal interaction in Chinese society and organization as well for it meets local justice requirements. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。