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題 名 | 抗戰時期戰地救護體系的建構及其運作--以中國紅十字會救護總隊為中心的探討=The Field First Aid System During the Sino-Japanese War--The Medical Relief Corps of the China Red Cross |
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作 者 | 張建俅; | 書刊名 | 中央研究院近代史研究所集刊 |
卷 期 | 36 2001.12[民90.12] |
頁 次 | 頁117-121+123-165 |
分類號 | 548.262 |
關鍵詞 | 戰地救護; 林可勝; 紅十字會; 抗戰; 劉瑞恆; First aid in the field; K'o-sheng Lim; The Read Cross; Resistance against Japan; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 抗戰前朝野對於中日間戰爭的爆發,應已有相當心理準備,問題只是何時開戰,中國如何應戰罷了。以劉瑞恆 (1890-1961)、林可勝 (1897-1969) 為首的一批醫界菁英,在推動公共衛生事業之餘,也思索如何在戰時可以結合最大的醫界資源,以應付戰爭的需要。長城戰役不但提供了他們一個實驗的機會,更由此發現了中國紅十字會這個慈善團體在執行戰地救護時的重要性。於是劉瑞恆在職務跨越衛生署、軍醫部門之後,也開始希望促使紅十字會以救護為主要工作目標,並逐漸與衛生署、軍醫部門結合起來,以便在戰時可以發揮最大的作用,這就是所謂「戰時三合一」政策的原始構想。 在具體的作法上,則需要透過若干人事的安排,以便上述政策得以付諸執行。於是先安排龐京周 (1897-1966) 進入總會與衛生署任職,通過龐京周來籌畫抗戰初期救護工作的執行,南京傷兵醫院則是劉氏與龐氏合作的代表作。然而南京撤退以後,證明龐氏的救護策略不合時宜,同時紅十字會及其他撤至漢口的救護人員,也亟需重整,於是乃由林可勝出來擔負重任。 林可勝提出的流動醫療隊成為抗戰時期戰地救護的基本單位,甚至後來連軍方、衛生署等相關機構也接受林氏的概念。隨即在此新的救護策略下,林可勝成立了救護總隊。救護總隊實際上是國府與紅十字會妥協下的產物,形式上雖仍隸屬紅十字會,但其實已經逐漸成為抗戰時期整個救護體系的中樞,在人事、組織、業務、訓練等各方面結合衛生署與軍醫部門的資源,並且成為主導的力量。 不過由於救護總隊到底在名義上仍屬民間機構,使其在工作、待遇方面產生種種困難。林可勝為了徹底解決這些困難,並徹底完成「戰時三合一」的政策目標,乃希望透過向層峰進言,將救護總隊轉為軍管。此事引起紅十字會內部極大的紛爭,後來林氏終於因為援助中共的問題,被迫去職,但國府也逐步將整個紅十字會納入軍管,「戰時三合一」政策至此完全實現。 本文所討論的重點在「戰時三合一」政策的目標下,劉瑞恆、林可勝等醫界菁英如何結合紅十字會等資源,逐步完成整個救護體系的建構。如前陳述,這個救護體系以救護總隊為核心,貫通整個人事、訓練與實際救護工作的執行,可以說有效的將當時可用的醫療資源動員起來,不論從近代中國戰地救護或者公共衛生兩個層面來看,都可說是空前的成就。 |
英文摘要 | The government and the public of China were psychologically prepared for the breakout of the Sino-Japanese war. The problem was when the war would begin and how China would meet the Japanese attack. In addition to the promotion of public health, leaders in the medical world such as Jui-heng Liu, K’o-sheng Lim, and others also considered how to integrate the maximum medical resources to satisfy the demands of war. In The Great Wall battle had not only provided them with an unplanned experiment, but also revealed the importance of the China Red Cross for the first aid in the field. Bypassing the National Health Department and the Military Medical Department, Jui-heng Liu also hoped that first aid would become the top priority of the Red Cross and that the Red Cross would combine with the National Health Department and the Military Medical Department so as to make the maximum effect at wartime. This is the original notion behind the war’s so-called three-in-one policy. In terms of concrete action, personnel arrangements were needed to put the above stated policy into force. First, Ching-chou Pang was sent to work at the General Ambulance Corps and the National Health Department, so that he would be responsible for carrying out first aid at the outset of the war. Nanking Wounded Soldiers Hospital was jointly established by Liu and Pang. However, after the withdrawal from Nanking, the first aid policy of Pang was considered out-of-date; as a result, reorganization of the Red Cross and first aid staff that withdrew to Hankou became necessary, and K’o-sheng Lim was appointed to do this job. K’o-sheng Lim proposed that mobile ambulance corps form the war’s basic first-aid unit was later accepted by even the military and the National Health Department. Based upon this new first aid policy, Lim set up the Medical Relief Crops. In reality, Medical Relief Crops was compromise between the National Government and the Red Cross. Formally, the Medical Relief Crops was subordinate to the Red Cross, but in fact it gradually became the center for whole first aid system during the war. As it combined its resources with the National Health Department and the Military Medical Department in regard to personnel, organization, business and training, it actually acted as a leader. However, the Medical Relief Crops was still a private group that faced many difficulties. To solve these difficulties and achieve the three-in-one policy, K’o-sheng Lim suggested that the government transfer the Medical Relief Crops into the military system. This issue caused a great dispute in the Red Cross. Lim was forced to resign office due to his support for the Chinese Communists. However, the National Government gradually put the Red Cross into the military system, which eulminated in the three-in-one policy during the war. This article shows how Jui-heng Liu and K’o-sheng Lim built the entire first aid system step by step by combining the resources of the Red Cross through the three-in-one policy. The Medical Relief Crops formed the core of the first aid system. With the execution of personnel, training and practical first aid, all available medical resources were fully and effectively utilized. In the light of modern first aid in the field of public health, this was an unprecedented achievement. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。