頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 論「死亡」與霍布斯式政治秩序的形成="Death" and the Formation of Hobbesian Political Order |
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作 者 | 陳瑞崇; | 書刊名 | 東吳政治學報 |
卷 期 | 4 1995.01[民84.01] |
頁 次 | 頁285-311 |
分類號 | 570.941 |
關鍵詞 | 霍布斯; 政治秩序; 利維坦; 公民論; 自然法; 社會契約; 死亡; 正義; Thomas hobbes; Leviathan; De cive; Political order; Natural laws; Social contract; Death; Justice; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本文以霍布斯的《利維坦》(Leviathan)及《公民論》(De Cive)中的「死亡」弔詭及其化解,論說:當人「死亡」成為政治哲學論述的對象時,「身體」即構成政治哲學與政治力施展的場域。這樣的結果代表政治哲學關注的焦點,已從「公民德行」(civic virtue)轉移至「肉體」,政治力的作用已不再是促發一組自足的、超越的德行,而是以承認並解決肉體的自我保存作為基本的政治問題,強制力取代統治者言行作為創造與維持秩序的關鍵性力量。這樣焦點的轉移是將「人」與「公民」清楚地分開,在大部分的情況,死亡被隱藏起來,成就一個看似可以迴避或遺忘,其實是為了使死亡成為生活與行動意識之支配性取向的格局,其間公民身份大多掩蓋但不是取代或剔除了身為一個「人」的本性,公民德行已轉化成為必須依附於肉體、以私人自保轉化為人人皆得自保的正義行為。只有在公民身份動搖時,人的肉體意涵才會大肆彰顯,而壓制甚至取消了「公民」。霍布斯式政治秩序的建立是基於以「公民」來支配「人」的意涵,展現在日常生活中,即是人人皆得平等地擺脫不預期之死亡的威脅,在國家法律一視同仁的管理之下,人人享有相對無懼的生活,稱為「政治秩序」,能平等地享有這種生活待遇的「人」,即稱為「公民」。這樣對「死亡」的討論,構成了一項鮮明的政治哲學論述策略,特別是一組關於「正義」的論述。 |
英文摘要 | The pervasive and distressed fear for death of humankind made human body become a distinctive field of modern political philosophy and power. This essay intends to justify this assumption through demonstrating the formation of Hobbesian political order in "Leviathan" and "De Cive." There are three impressive strategies of the specific formation of Hobbesian political order in his two books. 1. "Death" became a unique issue of knowledge and power. The focus of political philosophy (knowledge) and political power transferred from the pursuit of civic virtue to the management of human body. The purpose of political power would have less to do with an independent set of virtue than with the persistent self-preservation of everybody. The significance of a good mortal ruler in a good and legitimate government has been replaced gradually by a common coercion and its effective institutions. 2. A good and possible political order is artificial. Both of the specific interpretation of human nature and the patterns of human relation in Hobbes's political philosophy were disciplined and manipulated exclusively by an artificial person-sovereign. What a sovereign may create and conduct is so-called Hobbesian political order. 3. The unavoidable separation of "man" and "citizen" in Hobbesian political order. Death has been escaped from most of daily of life of citizens for the supremacy and domination of civic law. Death is therefore forgettable in a civic life and all citizens concealed and dominated successfully the mortal character of "man." Through Hobbes's controversial demonstration of the formation of political order in "Leviathan" and "De Cive," "death" does become an impressive discursive strategy and a key but neglected issue of modern political philosophy. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。