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題 名 | 伯納德.曼德維爾論十八世紀文雅文化與國家富強=Bernard Mandeville on Politeness in the 18th Century and Its Impact on the Wealth of Nations |
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作 者 | 陳建元; | 書刊名 | 新史學 |
卷 期 | 34:2 2023.06[民112.06] |
頁 次 | 頁1-49 |
分類號 | 541.2 |
關鍵詞 | 伯納德.曼德維爾; 蜜蜂寓言; 文雅文化; 商業社會; Bernard Mandeville; Polite culture; The Fable of the Bees; Commercial society; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本文探討的主題是十八世紀早期英格蘭重要作家伯納德.曼德維爾 (Bernard Mandeville, 1670-1733)如何詮釋在當時社會影響力與日俱增的 文雅文化(polite culture)。過往研究多集中於曼德維爾如何以嘲諷語氣批 判與解構第三代沙夫茨伯里伯爵(Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671-1713)與喬瑟夫.阿迪生(Joseph Addison, 1672-1719)、 理查德.史蒂爾(Richard Steele, 1672-1729)對文雅文化的主流意見,不過 曼德維爾文雅觀中仍有一個待處理的面向,曼德維爾雖然反對沙夫茨伯 里建立在人性光明面的文雅論述,但他並非全盤反對文雅文化,曼德維 爾反對的是沙夫茨伯里等人缺乏根據地去美化文雅背後的虛飾、利益考 量。本文最主要的貢獻在於:分析曼德維爾支持文雅文化的具體論證過 程,探討他認為沙夫茨伯里式文雅在哪些層面上窒礙難行,以及他如何 反駁乃至於超越沙夫茨伯里與史蒂爾等人。曼德維爾認為文雅文化可以 刺激消費,從而引發連鎖反應,推動英格蘭經濟發展,進而提升國民生 活水準,更多窮人得以溫飽,而英格蘭的人口亦將隨著經濟繁盛與日俱 增。曼德維爾相信人口數量和國家的強盛與國民的福祉成正相關,文雅 文化最重要的價值便在於使國家更為富強。誠如曼德維爾最具盛名(與 惡名)的作品《蜜蜂寓言》(The Fable of Bees)之副標題「私人之惡,即公 共之利」(Private Vices, Publick Benefits),此一公共之利便是曼德維爾的 終極追求,其具體內容便是讓英格蘭強盛富足,凌駕於其他國家之上, 而文雅文化便是達成此目標的重要條件。 |
英文摘要 | This study investigates how Bernard Mandeville (1670-1733), a prominent writer in early eighteenth-century England, viewed the expanding impact of polite culture in English society during his lifetime. Much research has focused on how Mandeville, in a cynical tone, critiques and deconstructs the dominant views of polite culture advanced by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, Joseph Addison, and Richard Steele. While Mandeville dismisses Shaftesbury's discourse on politeness, which is grounded on an optimistic human nature, he does not entirely oppose the concept. Instead, Mandeville argues that politeness would stimulate consumption, which, in turn, could bolster England's economy. The adoption of a polite culture would help improve living standards, aid impoverished individuals in sustaining themselves, and fortify England’s national power. Mandeville maintained that a nation's well-being and strength were intrinsically tied to its population, and the most important benefit of a polite culture was to enrich and strengthen the nation. For instance, The Fable of Bees, Mandeville's most famous (and infamous) work, is subtitled Private Vices, Publick Benefits; public welfare is the ultimate quest that runs through all of Mandeville's work in his quest to make England stronger and wealthier than other nations. This article thus argues that politeness serves as an essential tool for Mandeville to achieve his purpose of strengthening and enriching the nation. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。